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Paez

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INDIGENOUS ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICAN RESOURCES
The Anthropological Masterlist is HERE.
The Andean States are a group of South American countries that are connected by the Andes Mountain range. They are located in the north and/or west part of South America.
AVA GUARANĂ â âThe Ava GuaranĂ, or Chiriguano, people are an Indigenous South American people. They are native to the foothills of the Andean Mountains.â â Ava GuaranĂ History
AYMARA â âThe Aymara, or Aimara, people are an Indigenous South American people. They are native to the Altiplano region of South America.â â Concept of Time to the Aymara â Aymara Dictionary
CARIB â âThe Carib, or Kalina, people are an Indigenous South American people. They are native to the northern coasts of South America.â â Carib Language â Carib Dictionary
CHANĂ â âThe ChanĂ© are an Indigenous South American linguistic group that share the Arawakan languages. They are native to the foothills of the Andean Mountains.â â Arawakan Languages
INCA â âThe Inca Empire, or the Inka Empire, was a pre-Columbian South American civilization that lived from the 13th century C.E. to 1572 C.E. They lived in the Andean highlands.â â Inca Architecture â Inca Religion â Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (in Spanish)
MOCHICA â âThe Moche, or Mochica, civilization was an Indigenous South American people that lived from 100 C.E. to 700 C.E. They were native to northern Peru.â â Moche Culture â Sex in Moche Culture â The Fall of the Moche
MUISCA â âThe Muisca, or Chibcha, people are an Indigenous South American people. They are native to Colombia.â â Muisca Information â Muisca Religion (in Spanish) â Muisca Dictionary (in Spanish)
PAEZ â âThe Paez, or Nasa, people are an Indigenous South American people. They are native to the southwestern highlands of Colombia.â â Paez Culture â Paez Language (in Spanish) â Paez Dictionary
QUECHUA â âThe Quechua, or Quichua, people are an Indigenous South American linguistic group that share the Quechua languages and culture. They are native to Peru.â â Quechua Information â Quechua Culture â Quechua Language
TIWANAKUÂ â âThe Tiwanaku Empire was a pre-Columbian South American settlement. They lived in modern-day Bolivia.â â Tiwanaku Culture
WAYUU â âThe Wayuu, or Wahiro, people are an Indigenous South American people. They are native to northern Colombia and northwest Venezuela.â â Wayuu Patterns in Mochila Bags â Wayuu Dictionary (in Spanish)
YARURO â âThe Yaruro, or PumĂ©, people are an Indigenous South American people. They are native to Llanos in Venezuela.â â Ecological Culture of the Yaruro (in Spanish) â Yaruro Dictionary
Y me guardo las ganas de verte otra vez, prefiero llorar hoy, reĂrme despuĂ©s.
Un minuto - Verde 70
MĂĄs recomendable que La La Land.
pictured above: Charly GarcĂa and Gustavo Cerati. [1]
Rock en español is a topic Iâm pretty passionate about, and also something that I feel like has not received a lot of attention in the anglophone world. There is a lot of complexity to this topic--easily enough to fill an entire book. However, Iâm going to try to break down the basics for anyone looking to get their feet wet with some new Spanish-language music, as well as try to provide a bit of historical context.Â
Since there is no way I can cover everything in one post, there will be a certain amount of bias towards music I personally think is significant--but I will try to cover music that is typically considered universally known or important. Weâre starting with Argentina, because of their massive influence on the genre in general.
1. La Balsa, Los Gatos (1967). A âbalsaâ is a raft, and the theme of this song is, essentially, a generation âshipwreckingâ itself. This is the song credited with really starting Argentinaâs rock nacional, selling 250,000 copies, inspiring the name for a band (âLos NĂĄufragosâ), and becoming an iconic reflection of the youth counterculture of the time. Whatâs important to understand about this song is that this is the era of the Vietnam War, of Cold War tensions, and of a desire to break with tradition, particularly in regards to sexual relationships & gender roles. Under Juan Carlos OnganĂa (president 1966-1970), long hair in men and âimmodestâ clothing for women was particularly targeted (you can read more about that here). The original lyrics started off with âestoy muy solo triste acĂĄ en este mundo de mierdaâ but were later replaced with âestoy muy solo triste acĂĄ en este mundo abandonadoâ [2]. Musically, their first album has a very Beach-Boys vibe to me, but more melancholy.Â
*For a song that speaks pretty openly about the feelings of this time period, try listening to Rebelde (1966) by Los Beatniks. Â
The next biggest players to show up in the 1960s and â70s are âEl Flacoâ Louis Alberto Spinetta (1950-2012), and Charly GarcĂa (1951-Present). Â
2. Muchacha (ojos de papel), Almendra (1969) & Bajan, Pescado Rabioso (1973) are the songs I am choosing to highlight. Spinetta has had quite a few bands over the years, but to me his most impactful projects were the album Almendra I and Artaud. Spinetta is known for his very poetic songs, and sort of spiritual, otherworldly sound. Artaud in particular is very surreal, psychedelic, Pink Floyd-esque. This was the era of Operation Condor and a lot of senseless violence and social change, and many feel that Spinettaâs nod to the writer Antonin Artaud (and his âtheater of crueltyâ) is a sort of reflection of the Zeitgeist of the time. It does not feel to me like an overtly political album, but more introspective and melancholy. Regardless, both are considered classics. Personally Iâm particularly fond of the song  Que el Viento BorrĂł tus Manos.Â
3. Charly GarcĂa - GarcĂa is credited for nearly 50 albums so far in his career, and so summarizing his impact is a bit of a challenge! Starting off with his involvement in the band Sui Generis (Latin: âof its own kindâ i.e., unique) during the years 1969-1975, I want to mention the songs Botas Locas and CanciĂłn para mi muerte, which describe his experience in the army after being drafted. GarcĂa more or less faked insanity and health problems to get kicked out of the military, as he considered the service unethical (and has been known for his somewhat erratic behavior his entire life) [3]. Some of his songs were censored, and he later became known for writing subversive songs that could escape censorship, famously Los Dinosaurios--the implication here being that certain politicians were âdinosaursâ who would one day disappear. During his SerĂș GirĂĄn era (1978-1982), he wrote some really interesting songs like JosĂ© Mercado, which speaks directly to the increase in consumer goods available in the â80s, and one of my favorite songs, Viernes, 3am, which is a beautiful, haunting song about suicide. During his career as a soloist, his style has varied tremendously, but I would be remiss to not mention the album Clics Modernos (1983), which is where I feel like people should start when getting into this tremendously influential artist.Â
*Pappo and Manal are also extremely influential during this time.Â
What happens in the 1980s is a complete explosion of rock en español and the first time it is really shown to be commercially viable and exportable on a large scale. And a lot of that is due to the influence of Soda Stereo.Â
4. Soda Stereo & Gustavo Cerati. I need to explain that even despite the success and influence of bands in the â60s and â70s, that rock music in Spanish was still somewhat seen as of âlesser qualityâ than the British Invasion bands, and that many Latin Americans listened to music in English, regardless of whether or not they understood the lyrics. However, something happened in 1982: Argentina went to war with the United Kingdom (Falklands War). During this time, English language music was actually banned from being played on the radio, and for the first time, Spanish-language bands got enough airtime to really compete and gain a following [5]. In 1983, Argentina elected RaĂșl AlfonsĂn, effectively ending the military dictatorship. Soda actually released their first album in 1984, capitalizing on and quickly dominating this emerging market for Spanish-language rock. Soda is remembered for more of a pop-rock sound and for creating great hooks, as well as for creating a massive fan base--take a look at this version of Nada Personal from 1987 and the size of the crowd--this is a real turning point for rock en español. These bands spread to the rest of Latin America and inspired the conception of many more. Â
Soda had 7 studio albums and numerous hits. The songs everyone knows are Persiana Americana, De MĂșsica Ligera, Nada Personal, and En la Ciudad de la Furia. Many people remember them for their danceable rhythms and frivolous lyrics, but I think thatâs oversimplifying them a bit too much. They are typically seen as apolitical but they are not entirely--their first album features a fun song, DiatĂ©tico, which is ostensibly about dieting--and contains the shouts El regimen se acabĂł! Se acabĂł! -- a clever pun on the Spanish word for diet (regimen) and (military) regime. What Soda does in their first albums is essentially âcelebrateâ this newfound freedom with feel-good, romantic, âfunâ music, which in a way was inaccessible during the dictatorship, and a sharp contrast to the more melancholy music of the â60s and 70s. However some of their later albums have very different feels, and Dynamo (1992) in particular still stands out to me as a very progressive, unique album.Â
Cerati went on to produce five solo albums before his death in 2014, the most essential of which is undoubtedly Bocanada (1999). This is a beautiful, complex album that (in my mind, anyway) has no rivals. And I am not the only one who thinks so [6]!  Â
In the 1990s and 2000s, rock en español in Argentina (and everywhere else) begins to multiply and take on a number of sub-genres (punk, alternative, indie, grunge...).Â
I donât have the space to explore all of these artists, but I will mention a few that are popular. Personally I am fond of Bersuit Vergarabat, who are difficult to classify genre-wise, but try the song Sencillamente. Los Piojos are quite popular, and everyone knows El Matador by Los Fabulosos Cadillacs. BabasĂłnicos is also very well known, and I do love CarismĂĄtico.Â
5. Fito PĂĄez. PĂĄez is the last artist I will mention here, and has achieved pretty significant popularity in the â90s and 2000s. Heâs won five Latin Grammys, and to me is more pop than rock, but everyone loves 11 y 6 (1985) and Mariposa Teknicolor (1994). Cerati, PĂĄez, and GarcĂa did some collaborative work in the late â90s, which is actually pretty cool.Â
Okay, I think thatâs enough for an introduction. Thereâs a lot more music out there to be explored, but this should give you guys a good basis. Let me know if you end up liking these artists! Music has been an incredibly helpful way to learn both languages and history for me, and I think youâll find the same. Suerte! Â

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¿Quién dijo que todo estå perdido? Yo vengo a ofrecer mi corazón
Fito Paez - Yo vengo a ofrecer mi corazĂłn
WHISKY PHOTO OF THE WEEK
Coopers building Sherry casks at the Antonio Paez Toneleria in Jerez, Spain that will eventually be used to mature whisky. While these barrels are used first for maturing Sherry, they are built under contract to whisky distillers in Ireland and Scotland who will later have them shipped from Spain to their distilleries. Photo ©2016, Mark Gillespie/CaskStrength Media.