The Writer Bubble

this dude actually found a large fossil deposit that was created not just close to, but actually DURING THE K-PG EXTINCTION EVENT.

IT’S LITERALLY A WINDOW BACK IN TIME TO THE CHICXULUB IMPACT, AND TURNS OUT IT WAS WORSE THAN ANYTHING WE COULD POSSIBLY HAVE IMAGINED

- chicxulub is the given name for the meteor that struck/initiated the event

- the paleontologist within is described as making groundbreaking discoveries of multiple species every day, but many of his peers discount him because they’re grouchy old dudes he accidentally had a fragment of a turtle bone involved in a larger reconstruction of a fossil this one time and they won’t let him live it down.

- the extinction event was so fast and so destructive, this guy describes this particular dig-site as being so densely layered with dead and dying creatures, there is a lot of organic tissues that have been preserved, and he is able to even discern that many of the marine and freshwater fish may have still been alive as they were buried due to molten glass being found in their gills, implying they were still attempting to breathe.

- they looked into exactly when and how this could have happened, having freshwater and marine animals stacked on top of mammals and larger dinosaurs (including an amazing deinonychus forearm discovery he was able to match to feather fossils he was finding atop the pile), and rather it being the initial tsunami, they are fairly sure that it was caused by a seiche of catastrophic proportions, which would have been set off within the first hour of the event. denser and larger creatures sunk to the bottom, leaving lighter debris like leaves, small fish, feathers, and molten glass on the surface.

Hollywood dehumanizes people of color on screen using racist media narratives in order to justify oppression and violence against people of color in real life. These comics touch on a lot of complicated subjects about race and gender in media, but I realized mainstream representation metrics like the Bechdel-Wallace Test, Riz Test, DuVernay Test, and Aila Test don’t fully cover the criteria to discuss those issues, so I made a test of my own.

Gluttony: “I’m just saying he could stand to gain a few pounds! I made spaghetti!”

Sloth: “After we eat, it’s gonna be time for a nice nap. We’ve earned it!”

“You deserve better! That was YOUR parking space!”

“He’s like three hundred pounds of muscle, Wrath.”

“And you are 165 pounds of RAGE!”

Wish you were enrolled in an intro linguistics class this semester? Starting a linguistics major and looking for extra help? Trying to figure out whether you should study linguistics and what comes after?  Whether you’re just trying to grasp the basics of linguistics or you’re trying to construct a full online linguistics course, here’s a comprehensive list of free linguistics websites, podcasts, videos, blogs, and other resources from around the internet: 

Linguistics Podcasts

Specific episodes:

The International Phonetic Alphabet and vowels

Constituency

Gricean Maxims and presuppositions

Kids These Days aren’t ruining language

Learning languages linguistically

Phonemes and palatalization

Prepositions, determiners, verbs

Morphemes and the wug test

Why do we gesture when we talk?

Syllables

Podcasts in general:

Lingthusiasm

The History of English Podcast

Talk the Talk

Lexicon Valley

The World in Words

A Way With Words

Vocal Fries

Linguistics Videos

Modular topics:

NativLang (cartoons)

The Ling Space

Tom Scott’s Language Files

Arika Okrent (whiteboard videos)

Structured video series like an online course:  

Introduction to Linguistics (TrevTutor)

Another intro linguistics series (DS Bigham)

Phonology (TrevTutor)

Mathematical linguistics (TrevTutor)

Syntax (TrevTutor)

Another syntax series following the chapter structure of a free online syntax textbook (Caroline Heycock)

The Virtual Linguistics Campus at Marburg University

“Miracles of Human Language” (on Coursera from Leiden University)

Blog posts

General

How much do I need to know before taking intro linguistics? (Spoiler: not much) 

28 tips for doing better in your intro linguistics course

How to find a topic for your linguistics essay or research paper

For typesetting linguistics symbols: What is LaTeX and why do linguists love it? (with sample LaTeX doc to download and modify).

Further linguistics resources about specific areas, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, language acquisition (first/second), historical linguistics, neurolinguistics, prescriptivism. 

Phonetics & Phonology

How to make your own paper model of the larynx

Teaching phonetics using lollipops

How to remember the IPA vowel chart

How to remember the IPA consonant chart

IPA transcription practice

A detailed explanation of sonorants, obstruents, and sonority

A very elaborate Venn diagram of English phonological features

The basics of how Optimality Theory works, with coffee analogy

Allophones of /t/, explained with internet gifs

Several good visualizations and explanations of the vocal tract

How to type IPA on your phone (Android and iOS) 

Various ways to type IPA on a computer

Morphology & Syntax

Morphological typology cartoons

So you asked the internet how to draw syntax trees. Here’s why you’re confused.

Types of trees: a sentence is an S, a sentence is an IP, a sentence is a TP

A step-by-step guide to drawing a syntax tree, with gifs

Distributed Morphology

Garden path sentences: how they work, some examples

Structural ambiguity and understanding people in Ipswich

How to draw trees on a computer (TreeForm and phpSyntaxTree) 

Pronoun typology and “the gay fanfiction problem”

The solution to violent example sentences: Pokemon

Semantics & Pragmatics

The difference between epistemic and deontic, necessity and possibility (with bonus modals as Hogwarts houses)

Why learn semantics? Comebacks to annoying people.

Presuppositions, implicature and entailment, and more presuppositions in Lizzie Bennet Diaries

Gricean maxims in Welcome to Night Vale

Scalar implicature and a duck gif

Giving a shit about Negative Polarity Items, NPIs explained using Mean Girls references, and a follow-up on Free Choice Items

The lambda calculus for absolute dummies

The Lambda Calculator (software for practising in Heim & Kratzer style)

Teaching & Academic/career advice

Linguistics resources for high school teachers

Teaching linguistics to 9-14 year olds

On writing an IB extended essay in linguistics (& follow-up)

IPA Bingo

IPA Jeopardy and IPA Hangman

Practising syntax trees using cards and string/straws

Find a linguistics olympiad near you!

Editing linguistics Wikipedia articles instead of writing a final paper that no one but the prof will read (see also wikiedu.org)

Should you go to grad school in linguistics? Maybe

Figuring out if you actually want to go to linguistics grad school

How to decide which linguistics grad school to go to

How to look for linguistics undergrad programs

How to interact with someone who’s just given a talk

An extensive list of undergrad and/or student-friendly conferences - apply to one near you!

Advice for linguistics profs on increasing enrollment and supporting non-academic careers

Linguistics jobs - a series about careers outside academia

Languages

Linguistic approaches to language learning resource roundup

Will linguistics help with language learning? / Will learning a second language help with linguistics?

The problem with “economically useful” as a reason for language learning

Further link roundups

This list not enough? Try these further masterposts: 

A very long list of linguistics movies, documentaries, and TV show episodes

A list of books (fiction and nonfiction) about linguistics

A comprehensive list of language and linguistics podcasts, from Superlinguo 

A very long list of linguistics YouTube channels and other free online videos about linguistics 

20 linguistics blogs I recommend following

this is a list of magical associations for every tarot card, they can be added into spells to amplify your intentions and strengthen your manifestations

Wands are connected with the Fire element and is centered around movement, direction, energy, passion

Swords deal with thinking, communication, perception, and issues dealing with truth, connected to the air element

Cups are connected with water, and the full spectrum of emotions. every emotion imaginable is covered in the cup’s suit.

Pentacles are connected with Earth and are symbolic of manifestation, rewards,  material wealth and material abundance.

The Fool creates new beginnings and can be paired with other cards. ex: the fool + the lovers for new romance, the fool + pentacles for new opportunities, etc.

The Magician increases your power and capability on all levels, willpower, emotional security, balance within yourself, etc.

The High Priestess increases your psychic abilities, mediumship abilities, and intuition

The Empress will help you with creativity and creative endeavors

The Emperor establishes order, structure, and command

The Hierophant can be used in a lot of ways, my favorites are 1. Pairing it with the fool to attract a new mentor, 2. Using it to summon a spirit guide or ascended master

The Lovers help invoke and attract love, partnership, mutual relationships, and passion

The Chariot is amazing for success, and triumph. I always use this in success spells for exams, tests, and projects. The Chariot will help the best possible outcome for a situation to arise

Strength will help you master your emotions

The Hermit is good for rituals and meditations based going within and gaining a better understanding of your own self, and life purpose.

The Wheel of Fortune can be used for luck, change, and getting a desired situation moving

Justice is great for truth, legal matters, and justice 

The Hanged Man buys you time for a situation you aren’t ready to face, delays events

The Death card works well for ending situations, closing doors, gaining closure, and new beginnings

Temperance will restore balance and serenity to any situation

The Tower is best used for hexing and cursing, brings misfortune, unhappiness and chaos

The Star card is good for when you are casting spells focused on gaining something, The Star card is centered around healing, openness, and hope

The Moon helps develops intuitive abilities and can be used to send bad dreams

The Sun is used in spells for summoning happiness, success, and health

Judgement will help clear confusion and help you with understanding your life mission similar to the Hermit in that aspect

The World invokes wholeness and completion

Page of Wands: works with communication, messages, action, and passion

Page of Cups: boosts creativity, taps into your spiritual nature to bring out new creativity

Page of Swords: amplifies ingenuity and creativity, helps deliver messages from one person to another, can be used to attract someone’s attention to yourself

Page of Pentacles: good for grounding and centering spell work

Knight of Wands: speeds up any workings involving passion, love, and creativity

Knight of Cups: speeds up workings dealing with emotions, psychic development, inner strength

Knight of Swords: speeds up workings involving communication, balance, and thinking

Knight of Pentacles: speeds up workings dealing with manifesting abundance, material wealth, prosperity, and creativity

King of Wands: associated with leadership, command, can help you gain authority

King of Cups: associated with personal feelings, can help you resolve personal conflicts and inner turmoil

King of Swords: aids in strengthening your communication and speaking skills

King of Pentacles: invokes luxury, great card for business success

Queen of Wands: establishes a sense of self security and sufficiency

Queen of Cups: develops your psychic abilities, also helps with understanding/controlling your emotions

Queen of Swords: helps you develop stronger focus

Queen of Pentacles: abundance, creativity, fertility

Aces: used for new beginnings based on the energy represented in that suit

Two of Wands: positive progress in any situation whether it be romance, health, career, etc.

Three of Wands: business prosperity

Four of Wands: strengthens any type of relationship

Five of Wands: used in hexes and curses to invoke conflict, and arguments

Six of Wands: manifests recognition, success,

Seven of Wands: use this card when you’re in a tough situation, it will help you succeed and come out of it stronger

Eight of Wands: directs energy and intentions towards a specific goal or purpose, helps to speed up workings 

Nine of Wands: use this card when you come face to face with a difficult task, this card will keep you brave and strong

Ten of Wands: can either be used to achieve something great, or it can be used in a hex or curse to manifest burdens

Two of Cups: union, strengthens romantic relationships

Three of Cups: strengthens a friendship

Four of Cups: dissatisfaction with surroundings

Five of Cups: causes despair and sadness

Six of Cups: lifts your mood when you’re feeling down

Seven of Cups: illusions and deceptions

Eight of Cups: used to help you move on from the past

Nine of Cups: make a wish and use this card’s power to grant your wish, invokes happiness 

Ten of Cups: brings happiness to relationships of all kinds, friends, family, romantic, etc.

Two of Swords: used in curses and hexes to cause someone to have a limiting mindset

Three of Swords: heartbreak and emotional strife

Four of Swords: used in healing spells, sleeping aid

Five of Swords: manifests conflict, and failed success

Six of Swords: this card will aid you when you face a difficult change, helps you to move on and move forward

Seven of Swords: causes betrayal

Eight of Swords: powerful energy that causes isolation

Nine of Swords: sends nightmares and anxieties 

Ten of Swords: defeat and betrayal

Two of Pentacles: brings balance

Three of Pentacles: strengthens business connections

Four of Pentacles: manifests financial stability

Five of Pentacles: financial problem

Six of Pentacles: prosperity

Seven of Pentacles: material abundance

Eight of Pentacles: if you’ve worked hard this card ensures you that your efforts will be rewarded

Nine of Pentacles: success, luxury, accomplishment

Ten of Pentacles: success, wealth

“Hope you’re a harvest god,” Arepo said, and set up an altar and burnt two stalks of wheat. “It’d be nice, you know.” He looked down at the ash smeared on the stone, the rocks all laid askew, and coughed and scratched his head. “I know it’s not much,” he said, his straw hat in his hands. “But - I’ll do what I can. It’d be nice to think there’s a god looking after me.”

The next day he left a pair of figs, the day after that he spent ten minutes of his morning seated by the temple in prayer. On the third day, the god spoke up.

“You should go to a temple in the city,” the god said. Its voice was like the rustling of the wheat, like the squeaks of fieldmice running through the grass. “A real temple. A good one. Get some real gods to bless you. I’m no one much myself, but I might be able to put in a good word?” It plucked a leaf from a tree and sighed. “I mean, not to be rude. I like this temple. It’s cozy enough. The worship’s been nice. But you can’t honestly believe that any of this is going to bring you anything.”

“This is more than I was expecting when I built it,” Arepo said, laying down his scythe and lowering himself to the ground. “Tell me, what sort of god are you anyway?”

“I’m of the fallen leaves,” it said. “The worms that churn beneath the earth. The boundary of forest and of field. The first hint of frost before the first snow falls. The skin of an apple as it yields beneath your teeth. I’m a god of a dozen different nothings, scraps that lead to rot, momentary glimpses. A change in the air, and then it’s gone.”

The god heaved another sigh. “There’s no point in worship in that, not like War, or the Harvest, or the Storm. Save your prayers for the things beyond your control, good farmer. You’re so tiny in the world. So vulnerable. Best to pray to a greater thing than me.”

Arepo plucked a stalk of wheat and flattened it between his teeth. “I like this sort of worship fine,” he said. “So if you don’t mind, I think I’ll continue.”

“Do what you will,” said the god, and withdrew deeper into the stones. “But don’t say I never warned you otherwise.”

Arepo would say a prayer before the morning’s work, and he and the god contemplated the trees in silence. Days passed like that, and weeks, and then the Storm rolled in, black and bold and blustering. It flooded Arepo’s fields, shook the tiles from his roof, smote his olive tree and set it to cinder. The next day, Arepo and his sons walked among the wheat, salvaging what they could. The little temple had been strewn across the field, and so when the work was done for the day, Arepo gathered the stones and pieced them back together.

“Useless work,” the god whispered, but came creeping back inside the temple regardless. “There wasn’t a thing I could do to spare you this.”

“We’ll be fine,” Arepo said. “The storm’s blown over. We’ll rebuild. Don’t have much of an offering for today,” he said, and laid down some ruined wheat, “but I think I’ll shore up this thing’s foundations tomorrow, how about that?” 

The god rattled around in the temple and sighed.

A year passed, and then another. The temple had layered walls of stones, a roof of woven twigs. Arepo’s neighbors chuckled as they passed it. Some of their children left fruit and flowers. And then the Harvest failed, the gods withdrew their bounty. In Arepo’s field the wheat sprouted thin and brittle. People wailed and tore their robes, slaughtered lambs and spilled their blood, looked upon the ground with haunted eyes and went to bed hungry. Arepo came and sat by the temple, the flowers wilted now, the fruit shriveled nubs, Arepo’s ribs showing through his chest, his hands still shaking, and murmured out a prayer. 

“There is nothing here for you,” said the god, hudding in the dark. “There is nothing I can do. There is nothing to be done.” It shivered, and spat out its words. “What is this temple but another burden to you?”

“We -” Arepo said, and his voice wavered. “So it’s a lean year,” he said. “We’ve gone through this before, we’ll get through this again. So we’re hungry,” he said. “We’ve still got each other, don’t we? And a lot of people prayed to other gods, but it didn’t protect them from this. No,” he said, and shook his head, and laid down some shriveled weeds on the altar. “No, I think I like our arrangement fine.”

“There will come worse,” said the god, from the hollows of the stone. “And there will be nothing I can do to save you.”

The years passed. Arepo rested a wrinkled hand upon the temple of stone and some days spent an hour there, lost in contemplation with the god.

And one fateful day, from across the wine-dark seas, came War.

Arepo came stumbling to his temple now, his hand pressed against his gut, anointing the holy site with his blood. Behind him, his wheat fields burned, and the bones burned black in them. He came crawling on his knees to a temple of hewed stone, and the god rushed out to meet him.

“I could not save them,” said the god, its voice a low wail. “I am sorry. I am sorry. I am so so sorry.” The leaves fell burning from the trees, a soft slow rain of ash. “I have done nothing! All these years, and I have done nothing for you!”

“Shush,” Arepo said, tasting his own blood, his vision blurring. He propped himself up against the temple, forehead pressed against the stone in prayer. “Tell me,” he mumbled. “Tell me again. What sort of god are you?”

“I -” said the god, and reached out, cradling Arepo’s head, and closed its eyes and spoke.

“I’m of the fallen leaves,” it said, and conjured up the image of them. “The worms that churn beneath the earth. The boundary of forest and of field. The first hint of frost before the first snow falls. The skin of an apple as it yields beneath your teeth.” Arepo’s lips parted in a smile.

“I am the god of a dozen different nothings,” it said. “The petals in bloom that lead to rot, the momentary glimpses. A change in the air -” Its voice broke, and it wept. “Before it’s gone.”

“Beautiful,” Arepo said, his blood staining the stones, seeping into the earth. “All of them. They were all so beautiful.”

“Oh, poor god,” she said, “With no-one to bury your last priest.” Then she paused, because she was from far away. “Or is this how the dead are honored here?” The god roused from its contemplation.

“His name was Arepo,” it said, “He was a sower.”

Sora startled, a little, because she had never before heard the voice of a god. “How can I honor him?” She asked.

“Bury him,” the god said, “Beneath my altar.”

“All right,” Sora said, and went to fetch her shovel.

“Wait,” the god said when she got back and began collecting the bones from among the broken twigs and fallen leaves. She laid them out on a roll of undyed wool, the only cloth she had. “Wait,” the god said, “I cannot do anything for you. I am not a god of anything useful.”

Sora sat back on her heels and looked at the altar to listen to the god.

“When the Storm came and destroyed his wheat, I could not save it,” the god said, “When the Harvest failed and he was hungry, I could not feed him. When War came,” the god’s voice faltered. “When War came, I could not protect him. He came bleeding from the battle to die in my arms.” Sora looked down again at the bones.

“I think you are the god of something very useful,” she said.

“What?” the god asked.

The god sat in his peaceful home, staring out at the distant road, to pedestrians, workhorses, and carriages, raining leaves that swirled around bustling feet. How long had it been? The world had progressed without him, for he knew there was no help to be given. The world must be a cruel place, that even the useful gods have abandoned, if farms can flood, harvests can run barren, and homes can burn, he thought.

He had come to understand that humans are senseless creatures, who would pray to a god that cannot grant wishes or bless upon them good fortune. Who would maintain a temple and bring offerings with nothing in return. Who would share their company and meditate with such a fruitless deity. Who would bury a stranger without the hope for profit. What bizarre, futile kindness they had wasted on him. What wonderful, foolish, virtuous, hopeless creatures, humans were.

So he painted the sunset with yellow leaves, enticed the worms to dance in their soil, flourished the boundary between forest and field with blossoms and berries, christened the air with a biting cold before winter came, ripened the apples with crisp, red freckles to break under sinking teeth, and a dozen other nothings, in memory of the man who once praised the god’s work on his dying breath.

“Hello, God of Every Humble Beauty in the World,” called a familiar voice.

The squinting corners of the god’s eyes wept down onto curled lips. “Arepo,” he whispered, for his voice was hoarse from its hundred-year mutism.

“I am the god of devotion, of small kindnesses, of unbreakable bonds. I am the god of selfless, unconditional love, of everlasting friendships, and trust,” Arepo avowed, soothing the other with every word.

“That’s wonderful, Arepo,” he responded between tears, “I’m so happy for you—such a powerful figure will certainly need a grand temple. Will you leave to the city to gather more worshippers? You’ll be adored by all.”

“No,” Arepo smiled.

“Farther than that, to the capitol, then? Thank you for visiting here before your departure.”

“No, I will not go there, either,” Arepo shook his head and chuckled.

“Farther still? What ambitious goals, you must have. There is no doubt in my mind that you will succeed, though,” the elder god continued.

“Actually,” interrupted Arepo, “I’d like to stay here, if you’ll have me.”

The other god was struck speechless. “…. Why would you want to live here?”

Look I’ve been reading and watching a lot of stuff lately where alcohol is written weird so I’m going to share some fun facts about alcohol to help out y’all who don’t drink or don’t drink certain drinks or whatever. My credentials on this are that I used to drink a lot and I drank all the things.

In America we have girly drinks and masculine drinks because we are obsessed with the gender binary. A man who orders an apple martini is going to be mocked by his friends or he’s a gay man from a 90’s sitcom. In other countries, like in the carribbean, they don’t really gender drinks like we do. If a drink tastes good, drink it.

On that note, drinking culture is different depending on where you are in the US. Referencing a bonfire in a cornfield is going to elicit images of stolen whiskey and cheep beer amongst people in my age group here in the south/midwest but probably won’t for my Chicago friends. Research your region and see what sort drinking cultures they have. Or ask me. I can be a resource.

Frats have a ton of booze. Always. Sororities do too, but they tend to be the pregamers. frats are the ones with secret jungle juice recipes.

ALCOHOL TASTES GROSS. When you first start drinking it’s gross. If you give up drinking like I did and start again it’s gonna taste a little gross again. People who drink HEAVY and/or often don’t notice this that much. They notice the taste of the liquor more, not the alcohol. This is partly because they know how to drink the alcohol.

Keep note of how many drinks your character has per chapter/scene. Remember the great gatsby? Go pick a chapter and highlight every instance they have a drink. THESE PEOPLE WERE DRUNK THE ENTIRE TIME! For a tv example, watch any scene of the vampire diaries/the originals. Everyone is drunk in these shows. It explains a lot, but if your character just like to have a casual glass and not get drunk, why are they drinking all the time?

On that note, the amount of alcohol needed to get you drunk depends on two things: your metabolism and how much you drink. When I was drinking heavily, I would go through two bottles of wine to get drunk (look I said I stopped don’t judge me) these days I get tipsy after a glass. If your character drinks a lot they can drink more without getting drunk. If your character hasn’t drank before or doesn’t drink heavily, they might be more of a lightweight.

Also, a lightweight is a term used to refer to someone who doesn’t need a lot of liquor to get drunk. In the Midwest and southern US, we mock these people in group settings, but silently envy them because they will have a great time without going broke.

Speaking of money, drinking is expensive. Decent vodka will be about $20 and decent whiskey is about $25 and those are just for fifths (the stereotypical bottle size you imagine when thinking about alcohol). Going to bars and clubs can be even more expensive. You have to pay a cover charge to get in and then the drinks plus tips after that and the drinks, like food at a restaurant, are more expensive than staying home and making your own cocktails.

People put out for free drinks. Think April Ludgate conning men at the snakehole Lounge in parks and rec. That really happens.

There are bars with mechanical bulls. Not sure if more common in my region or…

Most young adults binge drink. That means they drink like four or more drinks in a night (four drinks is actually a lot). I think a lot of this has to do with college. Older adults tend to be more casual and social drinkers.

Different alcohol affects people differently. I can drink red wine and aside from a hangover be fine. My friend will drink red wine and get sick.

Hangovers also affect everyone differently. I get headaches and stomache aches and heartburn (if a super sugary wine cooler or cocktail) and my friend will spend the entire morning with a stomach bug from both ends. Some hangovers last an hour some a morning some can last all day.

Most people prefer to eat bread and/or super greasy food the morning after drinking to help the hangover. Some just drink Gatorade. Some drink a little more liquor, this method is referred to as “hair of the dog”

The term white girl wasted is used to refer to ANYONE who is acting like a stereotypical “white girl wasted”. Tends to be someone who gets very loud, starts talking with a valley girl accent, gets very emotional, etc. they’re pretty fun people when you’re drinking. They’re not fun to babysit. This is a modern term.

Pregaming is another modern term. It’s when you get buzzed/drunk before a party or bar and then continue to drink. Another modern term. Another thing more common amongst younger adults.

And that’s all I have for right now. Idk. Send me questions if you have them or if there’s a certain aspect of drinking I should explain more.

- Gin can give some people horrifying nightmares. It’s not extremely common, but it happened to my MIL, and when she looked it up, there were a lot of stories of it happening to other people, too. Seems to just be gin.

- Some people are very sensitive to the tannins in wine, this is why dry red wines with more tannins tend to give people hangovers more often

- Some people are also sensitive to the artificial sweeteners used in mixers like schnapps. I learned I couldn’t drink peach schnapps because it gave me terrible migraines in the morning.

- Tastes change as you grow older, as do your drinking preferences. Also there is a big difference in taste and how you’ll feel the next morning in cheap liquor (bottom shelf) vs expensive liquor (top shelf).

- How drunk you get is also affected by how much you’re eating and how much water you’re drinking along with your alcohol.

- Alcohol content is a thing. Wines are usually a higher alcohol content than a beer, but wine coolers are less than beer. Of course, things like whiskey or vodka are higher than that.

- Citrus cuts the taste and burn of alcohol very well. A well mixed drink might not have either at all, and can be dangerous because you can drink a lot in a short period of time.

- A wise drinker will have a bready food with their drink, especially if they aren’t trying to get wasted. Someone trying to avoid a hangover will drink one full glass of water per bottle of beer, glass of wine, or one shot. Part of the hangover is believed to be the dehydration that alcohol causes. It also makes them drink less in the long run.

(Artwork by @that-darn-hyena )

Gnolls, a race ranging from demonspawn to excitable hyenafolk. Gnolls are easily identified by their yipping laughter and voracious appetites.

Racial Attributes

Ability Score Increase: +2 Constitution

Age: gnolls reach physical maturity about the same age as humans and can live as long as 150yrs, but typically live around 80-90.

Alignment: gnolls come from nomadic societies that idealize chaotic demons and deities. They lean towards chaotic alignments.

Size: gnolls range from five to eight feet tall, averaging around seven feet tall.

Speed: your base walking speed is 30ft.

Darkvision: your time at night on the savannah has accustomed you to dark areas. You can see dim light within 60ft of you as bright light, and darkness as if it were dim light. You can’t discern color in darkness, only shades of gray.

Gnollish Instinct: you have proficiency in the Perception and Insight skills.

Bite: you are proficient with a bite attack as a natural weapon, dealing 1d6 piercing + your strength modifier.

Gnollish Diet: you have a different set of rules for your body when it comes to what you can eat. Raw meat does not have to be cooked, and you automatically overcome any save against rotted or difficult to digest food. Additionally, you have advantage against saves caused by poison, and are immune to the poison condition.

Languages: you speak, read, and write common and up to one other language.

Savannah Gnoll

You are a denizen of the savannah, one who likely worshipped the Celebrant. Savannah gnolls love festival and celebration and want all take part with them.

Ability Score Increase: your Charisma score increases by 1.

Festive Magic: you learn the cantrip Prestidigitation and the first level spell Faerie Fire. Charisma is your modifier for casting this spell, and once you’ve cast Faerie Fire you cannot cast it again until you’ve taken a short or long rest.

Aardwolf

The most nomadic of the gnolls, aardwolf gnolls know the land best and easily find the best (and safest) ways to travel.

Ability Score Increase: your Dexterity score increases by 1.

Savannah Nomads: Whenever you make a Survival, Perception, or Investigate check to forage into or related to the wilds, you may add your proficiency bonus to the roll. If you are already proficient, you may add that bonus again.

Fang of Yeenoghu

You are a demonspawn of the Abyss, with fur tinged white and claws stained black. You hunger for flesh at all hours of the day and are filled with unholy strength.

Ability Score Increase: your Strength score increases by 1

Medicine

A Study In Physical Injury

Comas

Medical Facts And Tips For Your Writing Needs

Broken Bones

Burns

Unconsciousness & Head Trauma

Blood Loss

Stab Wounds

Pain & Shock

All About Mechanical Injuries (Injuries Caused By Violence)

Writing Specific Characters

Portraying a kleptomaniac.

Playing a character with cancer.

How to portray a power driven character.

Playing the manipulative character.

Portraying a character with borderline personality disorder.

Playing a character with Orthorexia Nervosa.

Writing a character who lost someone important.

Playing the bullies.

Portraying the drug dealer.

Playing a rebellious character.

How to portray a sociopath.

How to write characters with PTSD.

Playing characters with memory loss.

Playing a pyromaniac.

How to write a mute character.

How to write a character with an OCD.

How to play a stoner.

Playing a character with an eating disorder.

Portraying a character who is anti-social.

Portraying a character who is depressed.

How to portray someone with dyslexia.

How to portray a character with bipolar disorder.

Portraying a character with severe depression.

How to play a serial killer.

Writing insane characters.

Playing a character under the influence of marijuana.

Tips on writing a drug addict.

How to write a character with HPD.

Writing a character with Nymphomania.

Writing a character with schizophrenia.

Writing a character with Dissociative Identity Disorder.

Writing a character with depression.

Writing a character who suffers from night terrors.

Writing a character with paranoid personality disorder.

How to play a victim of rape.

How to play a mentally ill/insane character.

Writing a character who self-harms.

Writing a character who is high on amphetamines.

How to play the stalker.

How to portray a character high on cocaine.

Playing a character with ADHD.

How to play a sexual assault victim.

Writing a compulsive gambler.

Playing a character who is faking a disorder.

Playing a prisoner.

Portraying an emotionally detached character.

How to play a character with social anxiety.

Portraying a character who is high.

Portraying characters who have secrets.

Portraying a recovering alcoholic.

Portraying a sex addict.

How to play someone creepy.

Portraying sexually/emotionally abused characters.

Playing a character under the influence of drugs.

Playing a character who struggles with Bulimia.

Illegal Activity

Examining Mob Mentality

How Street Gangs Work

Domestic Abuse

Torture

Assault

Murder

Terrorism

Internet Fraud

Cyberwarfare

Computer Viruses

Corporate Crime

Political Corruption

Drug Trafficking

Human Trafficking

Sex Trafficking

Illegal Immigration

Contemporary Slavery 

Black Market Prices & Profits

AK-47 prices on the black market

Bribes

Computer Hackers and Online Fraud

Contract Killing

Exotic Animals

Fake Diplomas

Fake ID Cards, Passports and Other Identity Documents

Human Smuggling Fees

Human Traffickers Prices

Kidney and Organ Trafficking Prices

Prostitution Prices

Cocaine Prices

Ecstasy Pills Prices

Heroin Prices

Marijuana Prices

Meth Prices

Earnings From Illegal Jobs

Countries In Order Of Largest To Smallest Risk

Forensics

arson

Asphyxia

Blood Analysis

Book Review

Cause & Manner of Death

Chemistry/Physics

Computers/Cell Phones/Electronics

Cool & Odd-Mostly Odd

Corpse Identification

Corpse Location

Crime and Science Radio

crime lab

Crime Scene

Cults and Religions

DNA

Document Examination

Fingerprints/Patterned Evidence

Firearms Analysis

Forensic Anthropology

Forensic Art

Forensic Dentistry

Forensic History

Forensic Psychiatry

General Forensics

Guest Blogger

High Tech Forensics

Interesting Cases

Interesting Places

Interviews

Medical History

Medical Issues

Misc

Multiple Murderers

On This Day

Poisons & Drugs

Police Procedure

Q&A

serial killers

Space Program

Stupid Criminals

Theft

Time of Death

Toxicology

The bigger the lie, the deeper the scar.

Chris was an amazing guy. He was a respectful man and a confident leader. He was just pure and good, through and through. I’ve never met anyone like him before, and I don’t think I ever will again. People like Chris aren’t found often. They’re one in a billion.

Everyone I have ever met has had silvery papercuts crossing their palms and wrapping around their fingers. It’s the white lies that leave the tiniest marks and cause the least amount of pain, such as, “My room is clean.” “It was on sale.” “I love your shoes!” Once you rack up a few dozen, the smaller scars become a camouflage of sorts, paving the way for older marks to be reopened and new cuts to form undetected. 

Almost everyone has a few larger scars, trailing down forearms and around necks. Deeper gashes mean deeper lies, and if you’re lucky, the worst marks can be hidden with your clothes, which aid in fending off the inevitable distrust. The fact is, people lie, and whether they care to admit it or not is no longer their choice.

Sometimes, deception is worth the physical pain it causes, but most people weigh their options carefully before speaking.

I joined the Marines because I wanted to.

That’s a lie I tell myself everyday. It’s an unconscious thing, really. It’s a lie that criss crosses my right shoulder blade in a deceitful pattern that’s constantly burning. It’s never deep, never spoken aloud. But it’s never healed, either. 

In actuality, I joined the Marines because otherwise, I had no chance at life. Three bad decisions and a mental illness got me kicked out of my dad’s house when I was nineteen. I blew my savings account on cigarettes and lottery tickets, pushing my luck until my girlfriend dumped me. Her rejection was a slap in the face, the kind of slap that causes you to question what you’re doing with your life. I’ve been off my antidepressants for two years, so I qualified for the military. But when I am surrounded by all of the brave, sacrificial men and women that make up the United States Marines, I feel like a failure. I try to just keep my head down, silently and obediently going about my training. It never helped matters that I have more scars than most - no one trusted me, and rightfully so. But if everyone was politely distant with me, they were absolutely frigid with Instructor Chris.

You see, he didn’t have the expected thin, white scars crossing over his fingers. He didn’t have cuts and nicks trailing around his arms and neck. His skin was as flawless as a newborn’s. At first, he stuck out, but in a good way. At first, everyone thought he must be the most honest man on the face of the earth. At first, everyone liked Chris and wanted to be on good terms with him, which made sense - in a world full of liars, they had finally found one person they could trust, 100%. At first.

A few weeks passed before we saw Chris take off his shirt in the locker room, the day I caught sight of the most gruesome mark in my entire life. It was only one lie, but it started at the bottom of his neck and trailed down his entire back. Parts of it had tried to heal and scab over only to be ripped open once again. Dots of fresh blood sprung from the wound and stained his skin. A horrific twist of red and silver and black that almost seemed to be pulsating. It was all the same lie. You could just tell. But whatever he had said, however many times he had said it, I couldn’t begin to fathom.

Chris was a man of few words - but when he did speak, it was always with a smile. It was always positive, encouraging, and truthful. He was an amazing instructor and a phenomenal teacher. But that deep, stabbing mark was on the forefront of everyone’s mind. Anyone who could tell a lie that caused pain like that was someone to watch out for. But it was one crisp morning that we learned the truth.

We were instructed to perform live fire exercises, which was nothing out of the ordinary. We had practiced these drills a million times. We knew our weapons like the backs of our hands...except, it seems that day that someone was distracted. Maybe they were focusing a little too hard. Maybe they were feeling sick. Maybe their hand had a twitch. Maybe they were just careless. But that day, a shot fired when it shouldn’t have. Steel spit fire, air swallowed metal, and lead took its first taste of flesh, then blood, then dirt.

I froze, watching helplessly as that kid crumpled to the ground in slow motion. He didn’t look frightened; he looked shocked, holding his blood-soaked hand in front of his face. The scarlet stain quickly spread through his clothes, making the tiny hole in his torso seem much larger than it was. He dropped to his knees, sucking in a ragged breath, still not quite processing what had just happened.

That’s when Chris appeared out of nowhere, cradling the boy in his arms. He couldn’t have been more than seventeen years old. Panic ensued around them; shouts for the medic and cries for “the kit” were almost indecipherable. Our neat rows scattered as everyone ran for help. I was close enough to realize “help” wouldn’t make a difference. We were trained to shoot for the kill - eliminate the target and move on. 

I just watched as Chris held this kid. Warm, slippery blood poured over both of them and made crimson mud out of the dirt. I listened to Chris repeat words that cut deep, over and over again.

“Hey, look at me. It’s gonna be okay.”

This checklist can be used during both planning and editing stages.

Your Protagonist

Does your protagonist have a personality beyond being heroic and nice?

Does your protagonist have agency?

Does your protagonist’s personality change?

Did your protagonist have a life and relationships before the events of the story?

Does your protagonist have flaws?

Is your protagonist active as opposed to passive or reactive?

Your Setting

Is your setting described well enough that readers can imagine themselves there?

Is your setting used or described differently than similar settings by other authors?

Do readers have a sense that your world extends outside the events of your story?

Does your setting have its own unique atmosphere aside from being a backdrop for your plot?

Is it important that the events in your story take place in this setting and not another?

Your Romantic Subplot/Plot (if applicable)

Does the relationship have flaws?

Does the relationship take time to develop?

Does the love interest have their own personality beyond their romantic traits?

Does the love interest have agency both inside and outside the relationship?

Does the love interest have flaws?

Your Major Non-Protagonist Characters

Do your major characters have varying opinions on your protagonist?

Do your major characters have traits outside of their relationships with the protagonist?

Do your major characters have varying gender identities, races, ability statuses, and sexual orientations, unless there is a good plot reason otherwise (such as the story taking place mainly at a male prison or a gay bar)?

Do your major characters have different worldviews and senses of morality?

Do most of your major characters have agency?

Do your major characters have flaws?

Do all of your major characters need to be there?

Do most of your major characters’ personalities change?

Your Minor and Background Characters

Do most of your minor characters have something that makes them interesting and memorable?

Do your minor characters have varying gender identities, races, ability statuses, and sexual orientations, unless there is a good plot reason otherwise (such as the story taking place mainly at a male prison or a gay bar)?

Do all of your minor characters need to be there?

Your Antagonist

Does your antagonist have a reasonable motive for their actions?

Does your antagonist have agency?

Has your antagonist done enough to be taken seriously?

Does your antagonist have good traits?

Does your antagonist have traits outside of their relationship with the protagonist?

Your Plot

Do your scenes flow logically?

Are all of your questions either answered or left unanswered for a reason?

Are there too many coincidences?

Does your plot begin at the perfect spot?

Does your plot end at the perfect spot?

Is there conflict?

Are there any scenes that could be left out?

Does your plot happen because of the actions, reactions, and decisions of your characters?

Your Mechanics

Are there any spelling or grammatical errors?

Are there any sentences that could be left out?

Are most of your sentences active instead of passive?

Do you use mostly strong verbs (ex: drank, ran) instead of weak verbs (ex: was, did)?

Do you use too many adverbs?

- your most sought-after goal

- a strongly-held belief or conviction

- your revenge.

But like…I always read italics in a different tone like they’re thoughts. It seems quieter than using normal quotations which makes what they say look less significant on the page than other character’s dialogue.

I really don’t think my audience needs me to use completely different punctuation around a mute character. There’s no need to act like they’re speaking a different language since their muteness isn’t a focal point in the story.

You can add little things for emphasis though, like how fast or flippant a sign is given, also a lot of our “punctuation” is in facial expressions, so wild looks is kind of normal. Also messing up signs and just.. pushing them aside. Like, you mess up a fingerspell and just take both hands and shove the air in front of you to your side, people who sign eventually end up doing this for other things, like a “forget it” motion. It’s like a “wave it off” gesture.

Fantasy books written by women are often assumed to be young adult, even when those books are written for adults, marketed to adults, and published by adult SFF imprints. And this happens even more frequently to women of color.

This topic’s an ongoing conversation on book Twitter, and I thought it might be worth sharing with Tumblr. And by “ongoing,” I mean that people have been talking about this for years. Last year, there was a big blow up when the author R.F. Kuang said publicly that her book The Poppy War isn’t young adult and that she wished people would stop calling it such. If you’ve read The Poppy War, then you’ll know it’s grimdark fantasy along lines of Game of Thrones… and yet people constantly refer to The Poppy War as young adult – which is one of its popular shelves on Goodreads. To be fair, more people have shelved it as “adult,” but why is anyone shelving it as “young adult” in the first place? Game of Thrones is not at all treated this way…

Rebecca Roanhorse’s book Trail of  Lightning, an urban fantasy with a Dinétah (Navajo) protagonist has “young adult” as its fifth most popular Goodreads shelf. The novel is adult and published by Saga, an adult SFF imprint. 

S.A. Chakraborty’s adult fantasy novel City of Brass has “young adult” as its fourth most popular Goodreads shelf. 

Tasha Suri’s Empire of Sand, an adult fantasy in a world based on Mughal India, has about equal numbers of people shelving it as “adult” or “young adult.” 

Book Riot wrote an article on this, although they didn’t address how the problem intersects with race. I also did a Twitter thread a while back where I cited these examples and some more as well. 

The topic of diversity in adult SFF is important to me, partly because we need to stop mislabeling the women of color who write it, and also because there’s a lot there that isn’t acknowledged! Besides, sometimes it’s good to see that your stories don’t just end the moment you leave high school and that adults can still have vibrant and interesting futures worth reading about. I feel like this is especially important with queer rep, for a number of reasons. 

Other books and authors in the tweets I screenshot include:

Witchmark by C.L. Polk

A Ruin of Shadows by L.D. Lewis

The Starless Sea by Erin Morgenstern

The Day Before by Liana Brooks

A Phoenix First Must Burn edited by Patrice Caldwell

Shri, a book blogger at Sun and Chai

Vanessa, a writer and blogger at The Wolf and Books

However there is also a giant gap that needs to be filled in trades. As people are aging out of jobs like tailors, carpenters, bookbinders, leatherworkers, etc, there aren't enough young people going INTO the trades to repopulate the jobs.

Kids never grow up telling people they want to be a bookbinder. They don't know they even exist. And schools never ever present them as valid options. And if they do talk about them, they are treated as invalid compaired to NFL Linebacker, President, and Brain Surgeon. After all "jewelry maker" is something people do to supplement their "burger flipping" income, and not an extension of blacksmithing.