Rabbi Joseph Telushkin spent two and a half years writing Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History, with the goal of creating "a source of basic information about Judaism and Jewish life." It was published in 1991. I bought this copy a few months ago.
I have not been able to read it, because the first piece I opened it to struck me so fucking hard.
I wanted to post it here first. And also, I'm afraid every piece in here will hit me that hard.
This one is pretty short; just over a page. I'm going to transcribe the whole thing here. Anything in bold is emphasis I'm adding.
United Nations Resolutions 242 And 338
Since its passage on November 22, 1967, Security Council Resolution 242 has been regarded by the international diplomatic community as the basis for a lasting peace between Israel and her neighbors. Feelings about "242" in Israel tend to be more mixed, particularly because of the resolution's insistence on "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent [*Six-Day War] conflict."
Arthur Goldberg, a deeply committed Jew, was the U.S. ambassador to the U.N. at the time the resolution was passed. Goldberg subsequently insisted that the resolution never intended to bring about a complete Israeli withdrawal from every inch of land occupied in 1967. Goldberg noted that the resolution spoke of Israeli withdrawal "from territories," and not from "all the territories."
Lord Caradon, the former British representative to the U.N. and a diplomat much less friendly to Israel than Goldberg, confirmed the American ambassador's view. "It would have been wrong," Caradon explained to the Beirut Daily Star on June 12, 1974, "to demand that Israel return to its positions of June 4, 1967, because those positions were undesirable and artificial. After all, they were just the places where the soldiers of each side happened to be on the day the fighting stopped in 1948. They were just armistice lines. That's why we didn't demand that the Israelis return to them, and I think we were right not to…."
Nonetheless, Resolution 242 clearly calls for a substantial Israeli withdrawal from the areas captured in 1967. And, in fact, when Menachem Begin signed a peace treaty with Egypt in 1978, he agreed to withdraw from all areas conquered from Egypt, with no territorial modifications whatsoever (see Camp David).
The resolution has another clause, insisting on the right of every state in the region to "live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force." Unfortunately, this clause has long been rejected by almost all of the Arab states, although in 1988 Yasir Arafat of the PLO announced that he accepted it (see preceding entry).
Resolution 242 also speaks of the need for "a just settlement of the refugee problem." The neutral word "refugee" was used rather than "Palestinian refugees" to underscore the two refugee problems in the Israeli conflict: Palestinian-Arab and Jewish. More than 700,000 Jews have fled the Arab world since Israel's creation in 1948, in comparison with the estimated 550,000 Arabs who fled the territory that became Israel. Neither Jewish nor Arab refugees have ever received financial compensation for their confiscated property.
Resolution 338, issued in the final days of the *Yom Kippur War -- October 22, 1973 -- simply calls for a cease-fire, an implementation of Resolution 242, and a "just and durable peace in the Middle East."
Although "338" is far less ambitious in scope than "242," the two resolutions are always mentioned in tandem in international documents.
SOURCE AND FURTHER READING: Leonard Davis, Eric Rozenman, and Jeff Rubin, Myths and Facts 1989, pp. 45-51; the resolutions themselves can be found on pp. 294-295.
I knew that a full-on empire had fallen in World War One. (At least two actually, but I'm talking about the Ottoman Empire here.) And that instead of the winners taking those lands, the League of Nations had talked to representatives of all the peoples living on them, divided them up into independent nations, and ordered Britain and France to run them until they'd all established their own governments and infrastructures.
I knew that a lot of those peoples - Jews, Yazidi, Druze, Armenians, Circassians, Syriacs, Turkmen, etc - were indigenous to those lands and had been treated like compleeeeeete GARBAGE under 1,300 years of imperialism.
I knew that some of the major players in the Arab world had actively supported the League of Nations' mandate that Jews be encouraged to migrate back to their homeland, and that everyone have equal rights there.
I knew that the more conservative side of the Arab world had wanted, even expected, to go back to a pan-Arab empire across the whole land, and were fucking pissed at being told that in this one piece of it Jews were going to be welcomed, and collaborate equally in the government. Gross.
I knew that conservative leaders spent DECADES explicitly telling Britain this land had been Arab-owned for 1,300 years, needed to continue being Arab-owned, and the Jews could just go back to being systemically marginalized a totally protected minority we swear!
I knew that all the Arab League countries had invaded in 1948, the moment Britain left, to reclaim the land for the Arab world.
I knew that the Arab League had sent volunteer armies to start the process in 1947.
I knew that, subsequently, even more Jews had fled countries across the Arab World than Arabs had fled Israel. Because all those countries were systemically stripping them of their citizenship, their civil rights, massacring them - the usual.
I knew Palestinian refugees were called that because they'd never gotten to have Israeli citizenship.
(They'd certainly had never gotten to have Palestinian citizenship, because the British-installed leadership of Arab Palestine had flatly refused anything but control of the entire country. It rejected sharing Palestine with Jews, and it rejected the UN's offer of a separate 90% Arab Palestine next door to a 55% Jewish country. So Palestine didn't end up declaring independence until 1988.)
I knew Israel had offered to negotiate the return of those Palestinian refugees with the Arab League, on the condition that it also negotiate compensation for the Jewish refugees from its own countries. Which the League refused to do.
I knew all of this because I've been fact-checking everything anyone on any "side" says since just after October 7.
I've learned a fuckton of history.
But I'd still only ever heard of 242 being used to demand a "right of return" for the Palestinian refugees, plus their millions of descendants.
I'd never heard any hint that the U.N. at one point opposed anybody attacking Israel.
Much less that the U.N. thought the Arab League should negotiate any compensation for the largest ethnic cleansing in history.
(For those surprised by the statement that there were 550,000 Palestinian refugees in 1948: this is a slightly outdated number. An exhaustively detailed study in 2011 came up with a total of 583,000-609,000 Palestinian refugees.)