Polyglotette

This video is ridiculously chaotic but so am I….and so is this book. Please support my re-entry into Booktube after a few years.

Language vitality can be measured on a scale from “healthy” to “extinct”. A UNESCO paper proposes nine factors that can determine the viability of a language:

Absolute number of speakers

Availability of materials for language education and literacy

Community member’s attitudes towards their own language

Governmental and institutional language attitudes and policies, including official status and use

Intergenerational language transmission

Proportion of speakers within the total population

Response to new domains and media

Shifts in domains of language use

Type and quality of documentation

Almost all these factors include six degrees of endangerment: safe (healthy), unsafe/vulnerable, definitely endangered, severely endangered, critically endangered, and extinct.

The causes of language endangerment can be divided into four main categories:

disease, famine, natural catastrophes: The village of Malol in Papua New Guinea was destroyed by an earthquake in 1998. Malol was estimated to have 3,330 speakers at the time.

genocide and war: The Kasabe language of Cameroon became extinct in 1995 as a result of Fulani jihad during the 19th century and the subsequent enslavement and massacre.

overt repression (assimilation): Breton, spoken in France, is an example of a severely endangered language that suffered repression in the name of national unity.

cultural/economic/political dominance: Santali, a language of India, is classified as vulnerable due to the predominance of Bengali and especially Hindi, which is the official language of the country together with English.

These are some helpful words for writing that can definitely improve your essay!

When I write my French essays I tend to have this sheet in front of me if I can to make sure I can get as many of these in as possible without repeating myself.

Introductory Remarks - Helpful when beginning a paragraph

Premièrement - First of all

(tout) D’abord - First of all

En premier lieu - Firstly

Deuxièmement - Second of all

En deuxième lieu - Secondly

Soulignons que - Let me point out that

Notons que - Let me point out that

Il faut tenir compte de - You have to take into account

Il me semble injuste de (dire) - It seems to me unfair to (say)

Considérons l’exemple de - Consider the example of

Personal Comments - For expressing your opinion or point of view

A mon avis - In my opinion

En ce qui me concerne - As far as I am concerned

Pour ma part - For my part

Quant à part - As for me

De mon point de vue - From my point of view

Je pense que - I think that

Je crois que - I believe that

Je trouve que - I find (that)

Impersonal Expressions

Il est évident que  - It is obvious that

Il est indéniable que - It cannot be denied that

Il est clair que - It is clear that

Il semble que - It seems that

Il est possible que (+ subj) - It is possible that (this uses the subjunctive tense, something I am still trying to completely understand myself, I will try to either make a post about it or find a good resource to help you understand it if you would like)

Constructing A Paragraph

D’une part … d’autre part - On the one hand … on the other hand

D’un côté … de l’autre - On the one hand … on the other hand

These could also mean on one side… on the other side - they’re good for contrasting arguments within an essay or paragraph.

Adding Or Detailing

De plus - What is more

De même - Likewise

D’ailleurs - Moreover

tellement - So (+ Adj or adv)

surtout - especially

De moins en moins - Less and less

De plus en plus - More and more

Afin de - In order to

selon - According to

En particulier - In particular

En fait - In fact

désormais - Now, henceforth

À propos de - On the subject of

Étant donné (que) - Given (that)

De nos jours - nowadays

Opposing

néanmoins - nevertheless

cependant - however

malgré - despite

malheureusement - unfortunately

toutefois - however

Au contraire - On the contrary

Agreeing & Approving

En effet - indeed

Je suis d’accord que - I agree that

enfin - At last

heureusement - fortunately Concluding Pour conclure - In conclusion

En définitive - Ultimately

Pour terminer - To finish

A few weeks ago, a lovely anon asked me for routine vocabulary. Because of school, exams, homework, and a part time job, I promptly forgot to answer the ask! Here you go, anon!

1. se réveiller- to wake up

2. éteindre une alarme- to turn off an alarm

3.  se lever- to get up

4. manger le petit-déjeuner- to eat breakfast

5. faire de l’exercise- to exercise

6. se doucher- to shower

7. emballer votre sac à dos- to pack your backpack

8. préparer le déjeuner- to make lunch

9. prendre le bus/ train- to the bus/ train

10. marcher à l'école- walk to school

11. conduire - to drive

12. travailler- to work

13. étudier- to study

14. passer un examen- to take a test

15. donner une présentation- to give a presentation

16. déjeuner- to eat lunch

17. faire ses devoirs- to do homework

18. diner- to eat dinner

19. aller sur youtube- to go on youtube

20. se coucher tard- to stay up late

21. brosser tes dents- to brush your teeth

22. lire un livre- to read a book

23. se relaxer- to relax

24. changer en pyjama- to change into pj’s

het lichaamsdeel - the body part

het hoofd - the head het haar - the hair het gezicht - the face het voorhoofd - the forehead het oog - the eye de wenkbrauw - the eyebrow de wimper - the eyelash het oor - the ear de neus - the nose de wang - the cheek de mond - the mouth de lip - the lip de tand - the tooth de tong - the tongue de kin - the chin de nek - the neck de keel - the throat

de borstkas - the chest de schouder - the shoulder de buik - the stomach de navel - the belly button de rug - the back de heup - the hip

de arm - the arm de elleboog - the elbow de pols - the wrist de hand - the hand de vinger - the finger de duim - the thumb de wijsvinger - the index finger de middelvinger - the middle finger de ringvinger - the ring finger de pink - the little finger de vingernagel - the finger nail

l’environnement (m) - environment

la nature - nature

protéger - to protect

la protection - protection

prévenir - to prevent

la prévention - prevention

la précaution - precaution

abîmer - to destroy, damage

menacer - to menace

l’équilibre (m) - balance, equilibrum

fragile - sensitive

le milieu de vie - living environment 

viable - viable, capable of living

se réchauffer - to warm up

le réchauffement climatique - global warming

l’effet (m) de serre - greenhouse effect

le gaz à effet de serre - greenhouse gas

polluer - to pollute

la pollution - pollution

le poison - poison

le pesticide - pesticide

nocif/ ive - harmful, noxious

Le Présent

ER         IR           RE

e            is            s

es          is            s

e            it 

ons       issons    ons

ez         issent      ent

Common Verbs, Irregulars and Stem Changers

Aller; vais, vas, vas, allons, allez, vont

Avoir; ai as a avons avez ont

Être; suis es est sommes êtes sont

Faire fais fais fait faisons faites font

e.g. I speak       Je parle

______________________________

Le Imparfait

To describe things in the past that use to happen

Use the ‘nous’ verb of the form (ons)

Remove the ons

Then add

ais ais ait ions iez aient

EXCEPTION

Être- Êt+ Etais, Etais, Etait, Etions, Etiez, Etaient

e.g I used to speak      Je parlais

Parler - Parlons - (-ons) - Parl - (+ais) - Parlais

______________________________

Le Passé Composé

To talk about things that have happened

ER  IR  RE

é      i    u

Used with the present tense of either Avoir or Être

Avoir; ai as a avons avez ont

Être; suis es est sommes êtes sont

Common Verbs, Irregulars and Stem Changers (with Avoir)

Avoir; eu

Etre; éte

Faire; Fait

e.g. I have spoken       J’ai parlé

______________________________

Le Conditionnel

to say I would

Add the following endings on the infinitive of any verb ending

ais ais ait ions                           *the same endings as in the imperfect* iez aient

Common Verbs, Irregulars and Stem Changers

Aller - Irais (not allerais)

Avoir - Aurais (not avoirais)

Être - Serais (not etreais)

Faire - ferais not faireais

e.g. I would speak

      Je parlerais

______________________________

Le  Future Simple

Use the present form of‘Aller’ followed by a verb in the infinitive

e.g. I am going to speak       Je vais parler

______________________________

Le Futur

Add the following verb endings onto the infinitive of any

ai as a ons                        *the same endings as the present tense of AR verbs* ez ent

Common Verbs, Irregulars and Stem Changers

Aller - Irai (not allerai)

Avoir - Aurai (not avoirai)

Être - Serai (not etreai)

Faire - ferai not faireai

e.g. I will speak       Je parlerai

1 Month 1 Language

1 Month Kanji Challenge

14 Day Langblr Challenge

30 Day Langblr Challenge

34 Hour Langblr Challenge

55 Days of Vocabulary Challenge

90 Day Vocab Challenge

100 Days Challenge For Langblrs

100 Hour 40 Day Language Challenge

A Question A Day Challenge

Build Your Vocab Challenge

Composition Challenge

Fiction Writing Challenge

Langblr Accent Tag

Langblr Culture Challenge

Langblr Music Challenge

Langblr Vocab List Challenge

Langblr Diary Challenge

Langblr News Challenge

Original Langblr Content Challenge

Linguistic Diversity Challenge

Indigenous Language Awareness Challenge

Vocabulary Challenge

SpeakingIn20 Langblr Challenge

A Book In Target Language Challenge

Brick-By-Brick Language Learning Challenge

Review Challenge

Subtitles Challenge

Summer Language Challenge

Translating Challenge

Challenges for certain months: 

February Polyglot Challenge

March Polyglot Challenge

April Polyglot Challenge

May Polyglot Challenge

May Polyglot Challenge

August Polyglot Challenge

September Polyglot Challenge

September: 30 Day Langblr Resource Photo Challenge

October Polyglot Challenge

November Polyglot Challenge

December Polyglot Challenge

December Polyglot Challenge

10 Polyglot Things to Do This September

10 Polyglot Things to Do This October

After receiving so much positive feedback from people saying they’d love to join me in my latest quest to improve my speaking, I’ve decided to create an official langblr challenge: #SpeakingIn20

Background: I’ve always neglected my speaking skills in Norwegian, and I decided that for the remainder of the year I want to try to do 10 minutes dedicated speaking practice 6 days a week, clocking a total of an hour a week, and thus have 20 hours under my belt by the end of the year. I recorded an intro with the intention of rerecording a similar intro at the end of the year and seeing how much I’ve improved in that time.

Because this was born from the goal of using the last 20 weeks of 2019 to do 20 hours of dedicated speaking practice, so that in 2020 I’ll actually feel like I can speak Norwegian to some (small) degree, I felt like #SpeakingIn20 worked!

The goal of this challenge is to get in a set amount of speaking practice every week, and see how much you’ve improved by the end of the year.

The Rules Guidelines Of This Challenge Are:

Start by picking a challenge level:

Chill - do the challenge 1-2 days a week

Medium - do the challenge 3-4 days a week

Hardcore - do the challenge 5-7 days a week

Pick a time goal for each day. (Eg 2 mins, 5 mins, 10 mins etc - this is totally up to you!)). You’re going to try to speak for that amount of time every day you do the challenge! Note: you don’t have to do it all in one go - if you can’t talk for 5 minutes straight, it’s okay to break it down into 5x1 minute sessions.

Record a little introduction. You don’t have to share it with tumblr if you’re too self-conscious; you just want to have a record of your starting point, so you have something to compare to at the end of the year. It can be as long or as short as you like!

You can talk about whatever you want, however I will be posting prompts at the start of every week and will keep a masterpost with all the previous prompts, so if you get stuck you can look to that for inspiration. [Update: I only ended up posting up to week 12, but feel free to go back and reuse prompts you previously skipped over or found difficult!]

You can use notes if you want (eg vocab lists, things you want to mention, other visual prompts), but try to avoid just reading out something you’ve pre-written if possible. (It’s totally okay to write something out to start with so you can get an idea of holes in your vocab, just condense it down to notes before you try speaking!) Do what you want! If you want to read aloud or have a script, then do that! Just make a note so that you know for future reference and can make a fair comparison of your skills now vs in a few weeks/months.

You can also do pronunciation drills such as repeating words you find difficult, practising tongue twisters, reciting the alphabet etc.

Record yourself speaking if possible. Again, you don’t have to upload anything if you don’t want to - you can just post about how you’re getting on - but you can if that helps to keep you accountable! Once you’re done, make sure you listen back to your recording and make a note of what you did well and what you need to work on still.

Use the hashtag #SpeakingIn20 so we can find each other. You can also hashtag with the level you’re doing and the language you’re learning like so: eg #SpeakingIn20Chill #SpeakingIn20German etc

If you want to do multiple languages, go for it! Just try to be consistent with what you do (ie don’t start skipping out on one language)

Anyone can join at any time! So if you miss the start now, or if you fall off the wagon, you can still (re)join later

French Version : https://archiveofourown.org/works/24020893

English Version : https://archiveofourown.org/works/24020908