Tales of a future doctor

Aquí les dejo un resumen sobre farmacocinética y farmacodinamia, que son 2 ramas muy importantísimas y ensenciales c: 

I’ll try to translate this summary very soon, so be patient<3 I know you all are patients<3 

Pueden descargar el resumen aquí

Sometimes I needed to translate something from a PDF, and that was just like hell, I had to translate paragraph by paragraph, from a 20-pages journal article to understand it and make a mind map (you have no idea how much I hate that professor... not. a. single. idea.), so I decided to transform PDF to word and then translate the document on google translate and was easier to understand some things (as you may know, my native language is Spanish and I still working on my English yet, so) and because I’m a good person, I’m going to share with you some sites that helped me to get out of stress&trouble faster:

If you want to transform PDF to word, excel or PPT or maybe to JPG or vice-versa or compress or split or unlock or merge your PDF or maybe ask your PDF out (please, don’t) use this: smallpdf

When I didn't understand a acronym I resorted to ALLACRONYMS, they have around 198,000 medical acronyms & abbreviations.

When it comes to translate a document, you can go to Google Translate, click on the link that says “translate a document”, update your document, click on Translate and Voilà!

If you need to do a mind map, flashcards, notes or make your own quiz, you can go to GoConqr 

Aaand last but not least, If you need to search trusting information: NEVER TRUST WIKIPEDIA 100%, you can check it out if you need quick information, but to find real information you can check out these sites:

PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

Public Library Of Science: https://www.plos.org/

U.S. National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/

The New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org/

Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/

Or check out the sites on the “Soak up Knowledge” box<3

So I found some mnemonics that may be helpful to remember the 12 pairs, and one of those i kinda rude but the ruder it is the faster you learn it, ‘cause seriously we all find that kind of stuff funny and sassy but let’s not talk about that, here are the 2 mnemonics: 

This one is to help you to remember the names of the nerves:

Ooh, Ooh, Ooh, to touch and feel a good velvet. Such heaven! 

O: olfactory nerve (CN I)

O: optic nerve (CN II)

O: oculomotor nerve (CN III)

T: trochlear nerve (CN IV)

T: trigeminal nerve(CN V)

A: abducens nerve (CN VI)

F: facial nerve (CN VII)

A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII)

G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

V: vagus nerve (CN X)

S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

H: hypoglossal (CN XII)

(hahahaha I’m sorry, you’ll remember the nerves)

And the other one is to help you remember the functional information of each one:

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

S: sensory (olfactory nerve - CN I)

S: sensory (optic nerve - CN II)

M: motor (oculomotor nerve - CN III)

M: motor (trochlear nerve - CN IV)

B: both (trigeminal nerve - CN V)

M: motor (abducens nerve - CN VI)

B: both (facial nerve - CN VII)

S: sensory (vestibulocochlear nerve - CN VIII)

B: both (glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX)

B: both (vagus nerve - CN X)

M: motor (spinal accessory nerve - CN XI)

M: motor (hypoglossal nerve - CN XII)

(BUUUT there’s a variation on that one, it says: Some say money matters but my brother says big boobs matter more)

Here is same the table of the cranial nerves I posted on spanish, BUT IN ENGLISH c:

Hope this will be helpful<3

So now, what are the cranial nerves?

The cranial nerves are nerves emerging directly from the brain, which is in contrast to spinal nerves (which emerge from various segments of the spinal cord). Cranial nerves exchange information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck.

Spinal nerves emerge regularly from the spinal cord with the nerve closest to the head emerging in the space above the first cervical vertebra with the nerve C1, with the cranial nerves filling corresponding roles above this level. Each cranial nerve is paired and is present on both sides. Depending on definition there are in humans twelve or thirteen cranial nerves pairs, which are assigned roman numerals I–XII, and zero assigned to cranial nerve zero, (or the terminal nerve). Their number is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain, front to back (brainstem).

List of the 12 pairs<3:

Olfactory Nerve (I)

Optic Nerve (II)

Oculomotor Nerve / Common Ocular Motor (III)

Trochlear Nerve (IV)

Trigeminal Nerve (V)

Nerve Abducens / External Ocular Motor (VI)

Facial nerve (VII)

Nerve statoacoustic / Vestibuloclear / Auditory (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Vagus Nerve (X)

Accessory nerve (XI)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

The terminal nerves, olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) emerge from the cerebrum or forebrain, and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem.

The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although on a structural level the olfactory, optic and terminal nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system (CNS)

MEDIO DÍA! MEDIO DÍA TRATANDO DE UNIR ESTOS DOS PERO YA me rendí :( así que bueno, quizá así sea mejor de apreciar c:

Nota: solo hace hasta 100% de zoom, más de ahí se ve raro

Bueno, ¿qué son los pares craneales?

Los pares craneales, también llamados nervios craneales, son doce pares de nervios que surgen directamente del cerebro o a nivel deltronco del encéfalo para distribuirse a través de los agujeros de la base del cráneo en la cabeza, cuello, tórax y abdomen.

Los nervios craneales tienen un origen aparente que es el lugar donde el nervio sale o entra en el encéfalo. El origen real es distinto de acuerdo a la función que cumplan. Las fibras de los pares craneales con función motora (eferente) se originan de grupos celulares que se encuentran en la profundidad del tallo encefálico (núcleos motores) y son homólogas de las células del asta anterior de la médula espinal. Las fibras de los pares craneales con función sensitiva o sensorial (aferente) tienen sus células de origen (núcleos de primer orden) fuera del tallo encefálico, por lo general en ganglios que son homólogos de los de la raíz dorsal de los nervios raquídeos. Los núcleos sensitivos de segundo orden se encuentran en el tallo encefálico.

Los 12 lindos pares:

Nervio Olfativo (I)

Nervio Óptico (II)

Nervio Oculomotor / Motor Ocular Común (III)

Nervio Troclear / Patético (IV)

Nervio Trigémino (V)

Nervio Abductor / Abducens / Motor Ocular Externo (VI)

Nervio Facial (VII)

Nervio Estatoacústico / Vestibuloclear / Auditivo (VIII)

Nervio Glosofaríngeo (IX)

Nervio Vago / Neumogástrico (X)

Nervio Accesorio (XI)

Nervio Hipogloso (XII)

Los núcleos de donde parten los pares craneales se ubican en una región generalizada conocida como tegmentum que recorre el tronco del encéfalo.

A nivel del mesencéfalo (estructura superior del tronco del encéfalo) parten el par III y IV

A nivel del puente troncoencefálico (estructura media del tronco del encéfalo) parten los pares V, VI, VII y VIII

A nivel del bulbo raquídeo (estructura inferior del tronco del encéfalo) parten los pares IX, X, XI y XII

I’ll post this same table on english soon. Bye<3

So here I have some books you may need for this journey, but are on spanish so si gustas puedes descargarlos en los link que dejaré abajo c:

Embriología Humana y del Desarrollo - Bruce H. Clarkson - Tercera Edición. - Editorial: ELSEVIER

Anatomía con Orientación Clínica - Keith L Moore,  - Sexta Edición - Editorial Wolters Kluwer

Atlas De Anatomía Humana - Frank H. Netter, MD - Quínta Edición - Editorial: ELSEVIER MASSON

Embriología Humana - Armando Valdés et al - Primera Edición - Editorial Ciencias Médicas

Bioquímica Ilustrada - HARPER - 28a Edición- Editorial: McGraw Hill

Sherris - Microbiología Médica - Kenneth J. Ryan et al - Quinta Edición - Editorial: McGraw Hill

Microbiología Médica - Mims et al - Segunda Edición - Editorial: Harcourt

Texto de Bioquímica - DM Vasudevan - Sexta Edición - Editorial: Jaypee-Highlights

Basicaly, a nerve plexus is a system of connected nerve fibers that link spinal nerves with specific areas of the body. Fibers in a plexus connect the spinal cord and the body by grouping themselves into one larger nerve. The human body consists of several nerve plexuses, including the brachial plexus, the cervical plexus, the coccygeal plexus, the lumbar plexus, the sacral plexus, and the solar plexus.

The main function of a nerve plexus is to ensure that all areas of the body are innervated, thereby equipping each region with the ability to send and receive messages from the peripheral nervous system. The different plexuses are charged with innervating different portions of the body and help to control the functions unique to each portion. A nerve plexus is formed during development, when disparate muscles of the skeleton fuse together and result in large muscles requiring innervation

4 major nerve plexuses are found, which - together with their peripheral nerves are described below:

1.  Cervical plexus:

- Arises from the ventral rami of C1 - C5

- Supplies muscles of the shoulder and neck

- Major motor branch is the phrenic nerve

- Arises from C3 - C5

- Innervates the diaphragm

“The primary danger of a ‘broken neck’ is that the phrenic nerve may have been severed, leading to paralysis, cessation of breathing and death …”

2.  Brachial plexus

- Arises from ventral rami of C5 - C8, and T1

- Subdivides into 5 major peripheral nerves which are:

A) Axillary nerve

Serves the muscles and skin of the shoulder, e.g. deltoid muscle

Damage causes paralysis and atrophy of deltoid

B) Radial nerve

Large peripheral nerve which innervates all extensor muscles of the arm, forearm and hand; and all the skin along the way;

E.g. triceps brachialis

Damage causes wrist drop and inability to extend hand at wrist;

C) Median nerve

Runs down anterior of the arm

Supplies most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and several muscles in the lateral part of the hand;

Damage causes inability to pick up small objects due to decrease ability to flex and abduct thumb and index finger;

D) Musculocutaneous nerve

Innervates the arm muscles that flex the forearm and of the skin of the lateral surface of the forarm;

Damage leads to decreased ability to flex the forearm;

E) Ulnar nerve

Runs down along the postero-medial surface of the arm;

Supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and all intrinsic muscles of the hand not served by the median nerve;

Damage causes typical “clawhand” with inability to spread fingers apart;

3.  Lumbar plexus

- Arises from the central rami of L1 - L4;

- Innervates the lower abdominal region and the anteromedial thigh;

- The largest nerve of this plexus is the femoral nerve;

- Innervates the anterior thigh muscles, lower abdomen, buttocks,  and the skin of the anteromedial leg and thigh;

- Damage causes inability to extend leg and to flex the hip;

- Another important nerve associated with this plexus is the obturator nerve;

- Innervates the adductor muscles of the medial thigh and small hip muscles; also serves the skin of the medial thigh and hip joint;

- Damage leads to inability to adduct the thigh;

4.  Sacral plexus

- Arises from L4 - S4

- Peripheral nerves of this plexus innervate the buttock, the posterior thigh and virtually all of the leg and foot;

- The major nerve of this plexus is the sciatic nerve;

- It is the largest nerve of the human body!

- Travels through the greater sciatic notch of the hip bone down to the posterior thigh;

- Innervates the lower trunk and the posterior surface of thigh and leg;

- Damage leads to inability to extend hip and to flex the knee –> “sciatica”

- Divides in the popliteal region into the:

A) Common fibular nerve

Innervates the lateral aspect of the leg and foot;

Damage leads to inability to dorsiflex the foot –> “footdrop”

      B) Tibial nerve

Innervates the posterior aspect of the leg and foot;

Damage leads to inability to plantar flex and invert the foot –> “shuffling gait”;

Another important nerve of this plexus is the superior and inferior gluteal nerve;

Innervates the gluteal muscles of the hip;

Source: WiseGeek - “What is a Nerve Plexus?”: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-nerve-plexus.htm

me right now

I have SO MUCH to share! and also I’m on vacations so FREE TIME<3 

If you use a bactericide and a bacteristatic, the bactericide  won’t work ‘cause you need the bacteria to be on constant movement to kill it, so now you know, I saved your life... maybe... maybe not :)