Evolution of the Mamianqun: Late Ming
Nav: Presentation // Intro // Southern Song 南宋 // Yuan 蒙元 // Early Ming 明初 // Mid-Early Ming 明中前 // Mid-Late Ming 明中後 // Late Ming 晚明 // Fabrics & More // Conclusion
Model: Tiona Zeng (ig: @/tinazzeng), MAISON at Yale
First some terminology clarifications. Late Ming can refer to two periods: 晚明 and 明末.
晚明 is the more literal translation of Late Ming. It usually refers to the period starting either at the beginning or middle of the Wanli era, going until the end of the Ming Dynasty where it gets taken over by the Qing. This period is sectioned out because it includes the gradual decline of the dynasty.
明末 more literally means ending Ming, referring to only the last few years of the dynasty, from about 1620 onwards, when the dynasty was pretty much on its deathbed. It may or may not include Southern Ming, also called 後明/hou4 ming2/“later/after/back Ming,” a tiny remnant of the Ming that hung around for a bit after the fall of the dynasty, which coexisted with the first few years of the Qing Dynasty.
For the purpose of this project, though, the last look focuses on the late Ming period starting from the mid-Wanli era and going until the official end of the dynasty in 1644, because Late Ming has established itself in the modern Hanfu community as its own popular sub-aesthetic. Late Ming style typically consists of long, minimalistic tops, very wide sleeves, and delicate ornamentation in very few select spots.
A note, though: while the Late Ming style as referred to in today's hanfu community means one thing, it's important to remember that "late Ming" actually lasted quite a long time, and moreover that it was especially known for how quickly trends changed at this time. 余懷/Yu Huai, a writer who lived from 1616–1695CE, stated that "衫之短長, 袖之大小, 隨時變易, 見者謂時世粧也.” or "the length of their robes, the size of their sleeves, all of these changed completely randomly, and these were called 'fashion' by those who saw it."
It's extremely likely that what we call Late Ming style today is only one small part of what was trendy at this time; there is no "Late Ming Style" in history. We know it was at least trendy at one point during Late Ming, but it's far from representative of the whole period in general. Beyond that, there were many conflicting opinions about fashion going on at the same time: some people liked the flashy stuff, some people thought minimalism was better, some people were super progressive in ushering in new trends, others thought that these new trends would upset the balance of nature.
So just keep in mind that when we say Late Ming style, we're referring to the specific style that the hanfu community calls "Late Ming style," which we know existed at some point for some people during Late Ming, but was almost definitely not ubiquitous throughout the time period.
Part of the possible reason for the emergence of minimalism was the idea of tastefulness, which rose in opposition to the flashy, flamboyant style of middle Ming. I talked about the problem of mimicry in the previous post, how anyone with money could now afford extravagant fabric and fashion to look affluent and well-off, and the idea of conspicuous consumption, where your rank and social credit came from your material possessions.
“True” nobles from historically important households were very unhappy about this—they looked down on merchants and artisans as, like, “common people,” as opposed to their well-connected, socially superior families. Scholars, gentlemen, etc. held similar views. They needed a different way to distinguish themselves from the newly rich.
That distinguishing factor was taste. As a concept, it’s a set of… limitations, so to speak, on these material objects—and how to use or display them—exclusive to people with “good upbringing;” aka basically a set of symbolic rules that only the noble families would know about. Boundless extravagance from new money was labeled as superficial, gaudy and excessive, or in other words, distasteful. (We definitely have a similar concept of sophistication vs trashy flashiness today.)
That’s how I'm led to believe that the minimalistic but grand Late Ming style arose: they still wanted to show that they were well-off—super big robes that required lots of fabric to make, large sleeves that meant you had servants to do things for you, etc.—but the designs on them were very simple and elegant, with a lot of solid colors or subtle jacquard patterns, nowhere near as flashy as the mid-early Ming trends. In this way the “true” aristocrats distinguished themselves from the “fake” wealthy people: the real noble families were tasteful and sophisticated, while the overly gaudy merchants were just playing at looking high-class while not truly being from noble, educated, cultured households.
And again—this is only one sub-style, like cottagecore or lolita or dark academia, that was well-liked during this time period. Just think about how fast trends change now. Massively flashy gold embellished coats and stuff definitely existed at the same time.
Note: most of the information references The Little Ice Age and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty: A Review, by Fan Ka-Wai. It is publicly available with extensive references. Refer to sources spreadsheet at the bottom of this post for more.
The Little Ice Age hit worst in late Ming, stirring up even more unrest among the people. It hit during "the late 16th century to the end of the 17th century" (Fan Ka-Wai, The Little Ice Age and the Fall of the Ming Dynasty). Again, it wasn’t just the weather being colder—the LIA came with a whole host of issues related to rapid climate change, similar to (though opposite of?) global warming today: increased storms, weak summer monsoons, weather phenomena like El Niño, etc. China being a largely agricultural economy, the climate effects were devastating for most people. Probably the biggest effect was the "megadrought" that started in 1637, worsened in 1641 by the eruption of Mount Parker (among other volcanic eruptions), causing plague, famine, and general chaos.
We’ve seen before that the more anxious people get, the bigger the class divide gets. It’s happening today, too: to cope with the sense of impending doom, people turn to other things to take up their thoughts: material possessions, gossip, etc. Late Ming was no stranger to this. In addition, the colder temperatures encouraged the lengthening of tops into ankle or floor-length robes, under which the hem of a skirt could peek through. As a result, skirt decorations migrated to the bottom of the skirt (since the rest of it would be covered anyway).
We also see an increase in the popularity of embroidery on skirts here. I don't know the exact reason for this but I would guess that it's a more economical way of adding decoration to only a very small part of the skirt, rather than something all-over.
I won't pretend to be in expert on the ending Ming/early Qing period; in fact it's probably one of the periods I know least about (in proportion to the amount of available info about it) because I generally don't really like the aesthetic of this time period, which is heavily Qing-influenced, so I haven't looked into it as much.
But from what I have seen, the factors contributing to the fall of a Ming as a whole were largely:
Natural effects from the LIA, as discussed above, causing "famine, drought, locusts" (Fan 2023)
Internal rebellion, from people unhappy with the government, especially because of the materialistic class war going on + the crop failures from the LIA
Inter-ethnic conflict, possibly made worse by the culture thing
Persistent invasion from the Manchus
People still don't really agree on which one/ones contributed most; many don't agree on the LIA being a factor because it should've equally affected the Manchus (I see the point but I still think it made people Not Happy, so I put it there anyway). I couldn't presume to tell you which I think was the most impactful either; I don't know enough to form much of an opinion. At the end of the day, though, I'm tempted to blame capitalism, because why not?
The Skirt: Research & Evidence
Various Skirts From 嘉興王店李家墳明墓 / jia1 xing4 wang2 dian4 li3 jia1 fen2 ming2 mu4 / Li Family Mausoleum in Wangdian, Jiaxing
Src: “梅里雲裳”明代服飾形象復原系列作品, 蔣玉秋, 北京服裝學院美術學院/中國絲綢博物館, various exacavation images from p7-10 (2022?) pdf
The Li Family Mausoleum in Jiaxing consists of four tombs labeled M1, M2, M3, and M4. From the tomb epitaphs it was determined that M2 belonged to 李湘 / Li3 Xiang1, M3 belonged to his principal wife with an unknown surname, M1 belonged to a secondary wife whose surname was 陳 / chen2, and M4 to another wife with the surname 徐 / xu3. As a result, three of the four tombs contained various women's clothing articles that we can examine for a look into late Ming fashion.
Out of these we know that Madam Chen died when she was 92 years old in the seventeenth year of the Wanli era, which would've been 1589. We don't know exactly when the other tombs were buried, but the report says it was probably before Madam Chen because her epitaph says she was entombed "to the left of the tomb of her late husband," so he must have already been deceased.
The most intact skirt artifacts were found in M1 and M3, so Madam Chen and unknown-surname-principal-wife's tombs.
Src: 嘉興王店李家墳明墓清理報告, 吳海紅, 嘉興博物館，彩插3，圖5、6，p53（2009）
Above are artifacts M3:17 and M1:24, screenshotted from a scan of the initial excavation report's colored print section, both of which have gold-thread woven decoration confined to the bottom of the skirt.
Src: “梅里雲裳”明代服飾形象復原系列作品, 蔣玉秋, 北京服裝學院美術學院/中國絲綢博物館, 四季花蜂蝶绸裙 p25-26 (2022?) pdf
Another artifact restored from tomb M4, the 四季花蜂蝶绸裙 / si4 ji4 hua1 feng1 die2 chou2 qun2 / Four Seasons Flowers, Bees & Birds Silk Skirt, was documented in a restoration report, with the technical line drawing included. You can see that the pleats are not at all trapezoidal, and the waistband is completely straight, in opposition to the flared shape of the earlier mamianqun. This skirt has a damask floral pattern for most of the body and a gold-threaded yingluo/beaded jewelry pattern decoration concentrated at the bottom.
白色暗花紗繡鳥紋裙 / bai2 se4 an4 hua1 sha1 xiu4 niao3 wen2 qun2 / White Organza Embroidered Bird Pattern Skirt
From 孔府舊藏 / kong3 fu2 jiu4 zang4 / Kong Family Mansion collection, heirloom piece (so not an excavated object, an heirloom passed down over generations). Known colloquially in the hanfu community as 花鳥裙 / hua1 niao3 qun2 / "flowers and birds skirt," super popular recreation style now. 3-4 wide pleats on each side, slightly trapezoidal shape but much less pronounced curvature than middle Ming.
Not dated to a particular part of Ming, but given context and trends I would say it's very likely to have been from late Ming: we know that white skirts were one (of many) trend during late Ming, and that embroidery briefly overtook woven decoration.
低欄 / di3 lan2 directly translates to "lower lan" (refer to prev post for the definition of a lan), aka the band of patterning located near the hem of the skirt, which can peek out from the bottom of a longer robe/top. We know that this was a very popular arrangement during Late Ming (although many arrangements were simultaneously popular, so it's difficult to relegate any particular style to a particular period).
In addition, the pleats on this design are straight/parallel, not arranged in a trapezoidal sunburst pattern, leading to a straighter horizontal waist band with less curvature to it. Very early mamianqun had straight-shape pleats as well, but the trapezoidal silhouette took over in popularity for most of middle Ming. Straighter pleats made a comeback because they fit better inside of the long robes, whereas the trapezoidal skirts—which widen out from the waistband—tend to protrude outwards and ruin the shape of the top.
This skirt design has six pairs of pleats per side (again higher than average number historically, but more commonplace for the modern hanfu community).
Cami/underlayer: 主腰 / zhu3 yao1 / "Zhuyao Bodice"
Src: "Leisurely Life of a Lady," 孫璜 Sun Huang, mid-17th century, Qing Dynasty, Freer Gallery of Art Collection
The innermost layer for all four of the Ming Dynasty sets is a 主腰 / zhu3 yao1. Bearing some resemblance to western bodices, it's a slightly more sophisticated front-opening torso garment with straps tied over the shoulder and a line of buttons (or ties) down the front. Later on sleeveless versions may or may not have existed (there's one artifact floating around but it's unclear if the straps just rotted off). Shown above is a painting from the early Qing Dynasty by Sun Huang, formerly attributed to famous Ming Dynasty painter Qiu Ying. While the painting was made during the Qing Dynasty, it was made very early on during Qing by a Han painter, and it depicts Han women dressed in extremel characteristic late Ming clothing (as is common for paintings of ladies—often they are clothed in outfits from previous time periods, it's a genre norm). The two women in the painting are shown wearing a red zhuyao under a longer sheer robe, a very common summer fashion choice of the time. (Refer to the Early Ming Dynasty post for more details.)
Pants: 直腰褲 / zhi2 yao1 ku4 / "Straight-Waist Trousers"
Src: Yellow plain damask trousers, 334, 大明衣冠論壇, pg 288
The pants for all four of the Ming Dynasty sets is of the form of the 直腰褲 / zhi2 yao1 ku4 / straight-waist trousers, a very standard form of pants worn by both men and women throughout the Ming Dynasty. Shown above is an example from the Dingling mausoleum of the Wanli emperor. (Refer to the Early Ming Dynasty post for more details.)
Shirt: 無領衫 / wu2 ling3 shan1 / "Collar-less Top"
The so-called 'collar-less' top is named that way because it lacks a separate collar piece/strip/rectangle that's pieced together with the body of the garment; instead, the raw edge of the collar area is just enclosed with bias tape. However, the result is remarkably similar to the round collar parallel-lapel shirt, just with a very thin collar piece; as a result, it's also referred to as 窄圓領 / zhai3 yuan2 ling3 / narrow round collar. Our design has a red rayon body with teal collar binding and placket, plus agate bead buttons running down the front.
Coat: 立領斜襟長襖 / li4 ling3 xie2 jin1 chang2 ao3 / "Standing Collar Diagonal Lapel Robe"
Src: 明暗云纹白罗长衫, 文物山東, 山東博物館
While similar to the mandarin collar, the standing collar is a separate collar type hailing from the Ming Dynasty. The popular Late Ming aesthetic often features the long standing collar robe with a diagonal lapel going from the center of the collar to the side of the body, often paired with a very long length and large sleeves, as embodied by the artifact shown above from the Shandong Provincial Museum. One feature of Ming Dynasty wide sleeves is that the front of the sleeves are almost always sewn closed, leaving only a small opening at the wrist, which is highlighted in our design by a gold piping, 圈金/quan1 jin1/'gold outline.' Our design is a dark inky rayon-polyester blend lined with a pale teal polyester-cotton-silk blend. The inside of the collar is lined with a red rayon, which can be folded down for a slightly shorter two-tone collar, also outlined in gold.
L: 明代帝后半身像（二） 冊 孝靖皇后, Empress Xiaojing, 中畫000327N000000006, National Palace Museum Collection // R: 明代帝后半身像（二） 冊 孝定皇后, Empress Xiaoding, 中畫000327N000000004, National Palace Museum Collection
Makeup is where you start to see the eyebrows starting to droop at the outer ends—not only are they pretty much completely flattened out with no arch at all, the outer half curves downward, giving you this sort of permanently-slightly-disappointed look. The lips also continue to take on a flatter and thinner shape. The petal shape is a lip shape that was at least existent during Late Ming—it's a bit more exaggerated than the thinner historical shape, which is shown above in the empress portraits of the Xiaojing Empress, the wife of the Wanli Emperor, and the Xiaoding Empress/Empress Dowager, his mother.
I lowkey can't find where I got this painting from but from what I remember it should be a Qing dynasty painting of Han women sitting around a table playing some sort of card or other gambling game, I think in an opium den or something???? If someone else manages to find it lmk lol but I know there's more than one version of it, I just for the life of me I can't track it down, all the women in the painting have this hairstyle so it's a really good example
Hair was based on the 牡丹頭 / mu3 dan1 tou2 / "peony head" hairstyle (idk why it's called that either tbh), which was a look that imo looked very similar to a beehive or pouf where the hair was coiffed with extra volume on top and hair combed directly back from the hairline. This lasted from late Ming into ending Ming and (I think? Not sure about this one) early Qing as well, with varying degrees of exaggeratedness from a slight bump to a prominent Marie Antoinette-style high roll. We kept it kind of in the middle for this one.
Hair accessories were once again 纏花 / chan2 hua1 / “wrapped silk” flower hair pins sponsored by the Forbidden Boutique (ig: @/forbidden_boutique), a small business selling handmade traditional jewelry and hair accessories based in LA. This traditional technique is estimated to have originated in the Ming Dynasty and involves wrapping silk threads around paper petal forms and wire to create flowers. The one shown is actually a brooch that I managed to work into the hair.
Src: 明代帝后半身像（二） 冊 孝純皇后, Empress Xiaochun, 中畫000327N000000008, National Palace Museum Collection
Earrings: The five-petal plum blossom earrings I made here were based on the pearl petal flower earrings worn by some of the later empresses in their portraits. The photo on the right above is a portrait of the Xiaochun Empress/Empress Dowager, the mother of the Chongzhen Emperor, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, in which she is wearing similar earrings. These took the most effort to make out of all of the pairs of earrings.
Src: 金脚宝玉佛面环 上海肇嘉浜路打浦桥明代顾姓族墓出土
The original most likely had a stamped or cut metal base that the gemstones were then welded or glued onto; for my version, I twisted the frame out of 18 gauge brass jewelry wire (essentially just made 5 connected double-layered loops with round-nose pliers and then bent then around each other until the end loops met in a plum blossom shape). Then I used 28 gauge brass wire to wrap the pearl beads onto the frame, plus a tiny red bicone that I just had laying around for the center.
The longer pearl strands are just pearl beads threaded onto a head pin, then attached to the flower frame. The last pearl in the center one is slightly larger than the rest.
Okay we're almost done! Just a fabric design post + concluding comments left! Also sorry for lack of pics in the first half making it really dense lol, the 30 image limit is lowkey killing me
^ srces wip for late ming at time of post (ill add them in gradually in the next few days)
