Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing public health concern in the United States, with prevalence increasing by approximately 20% between 2012 and 2022, now affecting over 12% of adults. The burden is particularly high among non-Hispanic Black individuals and women. Alarmingly, one in five people with diabetes remain undiagnosed (around 8.7 million) while nearly 98 million Americans have…

Le fibre alimentari presenti in frutta, verdura, fagioli e cereali integrali sono tra i componenti alimentari più importanti per la salute umana. Aiutano la digestione, la gestione del peso, il controllo della glicemia, la salute del cuore, la prevenzione del cancro e molto altro. L’attuale classificazione delle fibre alimentari le raggruppa in fibre solubili e insolubili, in base al fatto che si…

Le proteine del latte: sorgenti di biopeptidi nascosti nelle loro sequenze, che regolano immunità e batteri

Matrici alimentari che hanno biopeptidi nascosti Il sistema proteolitico dei batteri lattici (LAB) è idoneo a produrre peptidi bioattivi da diverse proteine ​​alimentari, in particolare le caseine che costituiscono il principale substrato azotato presente nel loro habitat (latte e derivati). La caseina è costituita da quattro proteine ​​principali: alfa s1, alfa s2, beta e kappa, che differiscono…

Acidi biliari alla riscossa: quei “saponi” acidi della bile che regolano anche microbiota e immunità

Gli acidi biliari primari sono sintetizzati dal colesterolo nel fegato, che viene trasformato in acido colico (CA) attraverso la via classica e acido chenodesossicolico (CDCA) come via alternativa. Gli acidi biliari primari vengono deidrossilati dal microbiota intestinale per formare acidi biliari secondari. Generalmente, l’acido desossicolico (DCA) e l’acido litocolico (LCA) sono considerati…

New Papercraft has been published on PaperCraftSquare - Free Papercrafts, Paper Models, Paper Toys Download: Link: http://www.papercraftsquare.com/science-paper-model-enterobacteria-phage-t2-free-papercraft-download.html Paper Craft Name: Science Paper Model - Enterobacteria Phage T2 Free Papercraft Download Description:

This science paper model is the Enterobacteria Phage T2, the papercraftwas created by soilshop. Enterobacteria phage T2 is a virulent bacteriophage of the T4-like viruses genus, in the family Myoviridae. It infects Escherichia coli and is the best known of the T-even phages. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant and circularly permuted. The phage is covered by a protective protein coat, which normally contains sulfur. In addition, the only molecule in the phage that contains phosphorus is its DNA.

This phage can quickly turn an E. coli cell into a T2-producing factory that releases phages when the cell ruptures. Experiments conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase displayed that the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins remain outside. The injected DNA molecules cause the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins. These discoveries supported that DNA, rather than proteins, is the hereditary material.

The first phages that were studied in detail included seven that commonly infect E. coli. They were named Type 1 (T1), Type 2 (T2), etc., for easy reference, but as it happens T2, T4 and T6 are structurally similar, and this easily recognizable shape is now referred to as the T-Even phage.

Like all viruses, T-Even phages cannot reproduce extracellularly. They need a host cell in which to replicate their genetic material. An organism which reproduces like this is called an obligate parasite, and in the case of the T-Even phages, the process ends in the cell’s death. The phage can attach to the surface of a bacterium using the proteins on its ‘feet’, and inject its genetic material. This genetic material uses the host cell’s ribosomes to replicate, and synthesise proteins for the capsid and tail of the phage. New phages are assembled within the cell – up to 200 – until the cellular membrane lyses. The newly made phages are now free to attack more cells. This is the Lytic cycle.

You can download this paper craft template here: Science Paper Model – Enterobacteria Phage T2 Free Papercraft Download

In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that each person belonged to one of four blood types. Now they have discovered a new way to classify humanity: by bacteria. Each human being is host to thousands of different species of microbes. Yet a group of scientists now report just three distinct ecosystems in the guts of people they have studied.

Blood type, meet bug type.