Open Access Research Paper

Nanotechnology is used in vaccine development especially in medical field for diagnosis of many diseases. Different nanoparticles during vaccine formulations designed for their use in promoting of the safe immune response. In order to increase antigen processing, various nanoparticles are used to advance immunity where they might be used as adjuvant. Nanotechnology widely used in medicine for diagnosis by developing nanoparticles of different composition, shapes and sizes. The development of vaccine proves to be very beneficial in the history of controlling diseases. Due to lack of understanding in vivo particular response of various nanoparticles that may operate as delivery system to increase antigen processing. This review provides most recent advances in field of nanovaccinology with the aim of uses of nanoparticles based antigen delivery vehicle and their use in medical field in treating of various diseases. Interaction of nanoparticles with cells of body immune system and their characteristics are discussed. There is need to more understanding of nanoparticles action in immune stimulatory, various delivery modes in addition to their behaviour in vivo and also designing of nanoparticles containing vaccines.

Obesity and vitamin D deficiency are closely linked issues that have negative health consequences for people of all ages. The objective of this study was to analyze the connotation between body mass index and vitamin D status, age and sex in Saudi Arabia. Most participants (n = 37; 67.27%) were female, and the age of 61.82% of all participants (n = 34) who participated in the study were lesser than 40 years. The BMI of only 21 (38.18%) participants was normal and other participants were either overweight (36.36%) or obese (25.46%). A significant relationship (p ≤0.05) has been found between vitamin D status and BMI for subjects > 40 years. Among females, a significant relationship (p ≤0.05) has been observed between vitamin D status and BMI. A significant (p ≤0.01) positive correlation has been observed between BMI and age in subjects >40 years while a significant (p ≤0.05) negative correlation has been observed between BMI and vitamin D. A significant (p ≤0.01) positive correlation has been observed between age and BMI in females. In summary, this study shows that females had lower vitamin D concentrations than males among the different classes of BMI.

The nutritive value of jackfruit seeds was investigated using the following parameters-proximate composition and mineral composition. The aim of this study is to determine the physico-chemical properties of jackfruit seeds. Three types of jackfruits namely Khaja (green, hard and smooth, with juicy pulp and small seeds), Gala (rough, soft, with thin pulp, not very juicy, and large seeds) and Durosha (rough, soft, intermediate size of pulps and seeds) were taken under investigation. The fruits were cut, the seeds removed, sliced, dried at 60 °C for 24 hrs, packaged in polyethelyne bag and kept in a refrigerator (~20±2° C). The moisture content, dry matter and ash content was found around 21.10-42.25%, 57.75- 78.90% and 2.13- 4.07% respectively among the varieties. A good amount of protein content was found in all varieties of jackfruit seeds, it ranged from 13-18%. Crude fibre content of seed varied from 1.56-2.60%. Jackfruit is a good source of many mineral contents like N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu etc. Starch content in seed was found from 12.86- 17.90%. The information achieved from the study could be helpful for the students, teachers, scientists who has been engaged with the biochemical analysis of different types of jackfruits in Bangladesh.

Current sanitation system ignore the potential of human excreta as sources of plant nutrients and organic matter which are useful in improving degraded soils. Terra Preta Sanitation (TPS) uses bio-char and converts faeces into soil amendment. This study investigated the chemical characteristics of stored faecal substrate (mixture of faeces and bio-char). Standard methods in the German “Methods Book for the Analysis of Compost” were used, whereby extractions with CaCl2 solution (for determination of pH, total organic carbon and Nitrogen compounds) and CAL solution (for Phosphorus compounds). Total Nitrogen and total Phosphorous in faeces have decreased while pH increased from 7.42 to 8.68. The total organic carbon has increased from 1480 to 1545 milligram per liter (mg/l). In conclusion, TPS is a promising technology in recovering plant nutrients and organic matter in faeces for agricultural application.

So as to provide new insight into the diversity of Archaea in dry mud, sediment and water from Lake Elmenteita in Kenya, an investigation using a culture-independent approach was conducted after extraction of total genomic DNA from the environmental samples using suitable extraction methods. Small insert clone libraries were constructed by amplifying 16S rRNA genes using archaea-specific primers, followed by cloning from which 94 non-chimeric sequences were obtained and a total of 34 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. The OTUs were grouped into Thaumarchaeota (6%) and Euryarchaeota (94%). Approximately 90% of the clones were related with genes from uncultured Archaea, compared to the 10% that showed affiliation with genes from previously cultured Archaea. The similarity of the sequenced clones to type strains was consistently lower than the similarity to uncultured members of Archaea. Clones from water and sediment were dominated by sequences from Euryarchaea, while clones from the dry mud samples showed affiliations to both Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, with the predominant phylum being Euryarchaeota. This is the first study reporting the presence of representatives of Thaumarachaeota from Lake Elmenteita and adds sequences from Lake Elmenteita to the developing database of 16S rRNA clone libraries obtained from environmental sources.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL17A gene are associated with many types of cancer. Therefore, the identification of functional and structural polymorphisms in IL17A is important to study and determine therapeutic targets and their potential impact. In this study, several computational methods have been used to identify non-synonymous SNPs that are deleterious in the IL17A gene, including SIFT, PolyPhen2, PROVEAN, SNAP. PhD-SNP, SNP&GO and Pmut were used to predict disease-associated nsSNPs. I-mutant and Mupro were used to predict protein stability. ConSurf was used to predict conserved residues and functional regions of the protein. Finally, SOPMA followed by Project Hope software was used to predict the effect of these mutations on protein structure and function. Our study concludes that ten nsSNPs (R69Q, A92S, C94S, R95C, C99F, D107G, V121I, V142M, T145I and P149L) were shown to be potentially deleterious in IL17A. The present study represents a comprehensive in silico analysis of the IL17A gene and will be a useful tool for future studies.

Cancer classification from microRNA (miRNA) gene expression data is a difficult task in system biology and machine learning as conventional classification methods require a sufficiently large number of labeled samples to train the classifiers accurately, particularly when the labeled samples are very expensive and difficult to collect. Therefore, conventional classification methods usually do not provide the desired classification accuracy due to the scarcity of training samples. In this context, we present an extreme learning machine (ELM) technique for cancer classification from miRNA gene expression data that can improve the classification accuracy as it is extremely fast and accurate compared to other traditional methods. The presented method is evaluated using publicly available miRNA gene expression datasets of breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer in terms of classification accuracy, precision, recall, macro F1-measure, micro F1-measure and kappa in comparison to four other state-of-the-art methods. Experimental results justify the dominance of the ELM method over the other compared methods for cancer sample classification from miRNA Gene Expression data.

The present research studies were carried out in the Hayatabad Industrial Estate Peshawar to analyze the concentration of the Lead (Pb) in the soil and plant parts (Root and Shoots). Metals were analyzed in the soil of the root zone, in root and shoot of each plant. Phytoremediation potential of the analyzed plants grown in their natural habitats was evaluated by the calculation of Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF) and Bioaccumulation Coefficient (BAC). Among all fifty plants species only Ten (10) species were found hyper accumulator for Lead. However most of the plant species showed feasibility for the phytoremediation; phytostabilization and phytoextraction of the selected heavy metals. Based on concentration of lead (Pb) in shoots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values twenty (20) plants were found most efficient plants for the phytoextraction of Lead (Pb). These plant species were found efficient for the phytoextraction of lead metal from the analyzed plants and soil. Similarly based on the concentration of the lead in roots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values twenty (20) plants were found efficient for the phytostabilization of lead (Pb). These plants species may be used for the phyto-immobilization of the mentioned metal contaminated soil.

This study aimed to characterize shea tree stands and assess the contribution of shea parklands to carbon sequestration in the Dabakala (north-central) and Kong (northeast) areas of Ivory Coast. It focused on 182 and 211 shea trees identified in each of these two areas, respectively. The diameter at 1.30 m above ground, the total height, and the basal area of the shea trees were measured. The spatial distribution pattern and aboveground biomass were calculated. Carbon and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2) stocks were also assessed. The results revealed higher dendrometric parameter values in Kong than in Dabakala. The average values of densities, basal areas, diameters and heights were 15.52 and 57.18 individuals.ha-1; 1.16 ± 0.00 and 5.30 ± 0.02 m². ha-1; 0.29 ± 0.10 and 0.33 ± 0.10 m and 8.90 ± 1.82 and 9.97 ± 1.53 m, respectively, at Dabakala and Kong. At Dabakala, the stored carbon and sequestered CO2 equivalent were 0.66 ± 0.00 tC/ha and 2.42 ± 0.01 tCO2/ha, compared to 3.17 ± 0.01 tC/ha and 11.63 ± 0.02 tCO2/ha at Kong. However, the parks were characterized by the same aggregate distribution. Furthermore, the carbon sequestration potential varies along the phytogeographic gradient, from the centre to the north of the country. The knowledge gained from studies on these parks justifies strengthening the woody potential of ecosystems through planting or the practice of agroforestrys.

This paper aims to reveal the most used drug analysis techniques as well as discover the best techniques that are used to detect the poisoning materials and drugs that are used by human beings. Data were collected using a process that helps in obtaining answers and solutions to many problems and questions, helps in facilitating the decision-making and increases the quality of decisions that were taken, and also helps in improving the quality of different outputs. The most important spectrophotometric techniques that are used to detect drugs are mass selective detector technique, chemiluminescence, high-performance liquid chromatography and others. It was found that these drugs are methanol, Amphetamine/ methamphetamine, Cocaine and others. Samples taken to detect drugs in the body by spectrophotometric techniques may be Urine, blood sample, hair follicles or any other body fluids obtained from live persons or autopsy samples.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a frequent reason for consultation in gynecology. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant women, even though they may be asymptomatic. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological profile of vulvovaginal and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women at the university teaching hospital of Angré in Abidjan. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the gynecology-obstetrics department of the Angré University Hospital from June to October 2024. Swabs were taken from Pregnant women for mycological analyses. Each sample was examined directly and cultured at 37°C on Sabouraud-Chloramphenicol medium. Candida yeasts were identified using Chromagar Candida medium or Vitek 2. Antifungal susceptibility was determined using the agar diffusion method with discs. Of total of 402 women included, 70 were positive on culture, representing an overall vaginal candidiasis carriage rate of 19.2%. The yeast species identified were Candida albicans (48.1%), Candida krusei (27.8%), Candida tropicalis (12.7%), and Candida glabrata (11.4%). Symptoms such as vaginal discharge, vulvar pruritus, and dyspareunia were statistically linked to Candida carriage (p

Background: Food Safety is an important central focusing point related to health of all communities in the entire world. Food related diseases are accountable for most of deaths and illnesses all over the world. Aim: To assess the attitudes, practices and knowledge of food managers regarding food safety in Lahore. Method: a cross sectional study was done regarding food safety in Lahore, Pakistan for 4 months (After the approval of synopsis) by using purposive sampling. A total of 97 participants were taken from different cafes and restaurants in different parts of Lahore, Pakistan. Data was collected through purposive sampling. Participants were assessed through pre-tested questionnaire. For data analysis SPSS version 25.0 was used. Results: The overall knowledge of food safety was revealed by Food managers (mean score= 62.4 ± 33.6%). The interviewees achieved high scores in construct of personal hygiene (mean score= 92.6 ± 7.0%) out of 6 constructs on food safety knowledge tested, but had less knowledge about the symptoms of food borne diseases (mean score= 54.0 ± 36.0%) and food borne pathogens (mean score= 20.0 ± 26.0%). Conclusions: The conclusion was that in different parts of Lahore, Pakistan food handlers had a better knowledge of food safety with overall moderate level of self-reported practices and attitude. However, majority of them did not know about the pathogens that cause food borne diseases.