Open Access Research Paper

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds (100 accessions) were selected on the basis of different geographical areas of Pakistan. Isolation and identification of seed born fungi were conducted according to standard blotter test. A total of five major seed borne fungi including Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., Drechslera sp. and Phytophthora sp. were isolated from the wheat seeds. The frequency ofoccurrence of these five seed born fungi Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp. Drechslera sp. and Phytophthora sp. was 49%, 46%, 42%, 35% and 16%, respectively. Infection percentage varied from 0-90% in all 100 wheat accessions. Among the accessions, highest infection (100%) of seed born fungi was recorded in 011185 and 011757 while lowest infection (10%) was recorded in 011415 accessions. Moreover,in accessions collected from Gilgit Baltistan and AJK, Alternaria niger and Alternaria fusarium were dominant, while in Kpk province, Aspergillous niger was prevalent followed by Alternaria alternata. In case of Baluchistan province, the dominant seed born fungi was Alternaria alternata followed by Drechslera spp. Similarly in case of Punjab, the occurrence of Alternaria alternata, Drechslera sp , Fusariumsp, and Aspergillous niger associated with seeds were similar. For accession collected from Sindh province, the dominant seed born fungi was Aspergillous niger and Drechslera sp. However, the Phytophthora sp. infection of wheat seeds accession of Baluchistan was highest followed bywheat seeds accession collected from Gilgit Baltistan and AJK, Kpk and Punjab whereas wheat seeds accessions collected from Sindh province were found to be free from Phytophthora species.

Locomotion is one of the essential characters of humans. During daily activity human body is subjected to several factors such as shock, stress, strain and other environmental factors. Most of times human body remains un-affected by these factors as they are contradicted by skin, fats, muscles, bones etc. But when the body is subjected to a trauma of higher impact an injury can occur which can affect capability of human body. One of the common injuries is bone fractures. Among the bone’s femur is susceptible to the fractures being the longest bone in the human body. Femoral fractures affect mobility of humans to the greater extent; in order to restore maximum function of femur, implants are used to treat fractures. Implants such as nails, Screws, plates are used to repair the bone. These implants are either made up of metals or alloys commonly used metals are titanium, gold, iron, cobalt, chromium and several others that have been reported to cause one or other toxicological episodes. Femoral fractures may take months to get treated and till the time implants are embedded in human body. Within this time frame implants start producing oxides that may result in several implications such as hypersensitivity, allergies, neurological problems and other toxicological implications.

Based on the customary norms inherent in the Meratus Dayak community located around the Meratus Protection Forest in Loksado Sub-District, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency in an effort to align the forest based on local wisdom, especially in the utilization of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) by knowing the wisdom of the Meratus Dayak tribe. in managing bamboo in the Meratus Protection Forest in Loksado District, South Hulu Sungai District. In general and specifically the purpose of this study is to know, analyze and explore developing local wisdom and bamboo management systems based on the ideological aspects of the superstructure, aspects of social structure and aspects of material infrastructure by the Dayak Meratus community in Loksado District, South Kalimantan. the metrode used in this study is qualitative descriptive by identifying local wisdom elements such as ideological superstructure aspect, social structure aspect, aspect of material infrastructure. Turning bamboo cultivation activities has a lot of local wisdom – local wisdom in terms of conservation/ecology, economic and socio-cultural aspects of the local community. The level of ecology from shifting cultivation in the village of Hulu Banyu can be said to be moderate. This is related to a number of points that have a low score and some have a high score.

To evaluate the impact of rice production on malaria transmission in the district of Malanville in northern Benin, an entomological study was carried out from January to December 2021. Therefore, human landing catches (HLC) activities were conducted over two consecutive nights in 6 random houses selected from each study site for adult mosquito collection monthly. Additionally, indoor pyrethrum spray catches (PSC) were done in 6 additional houses at each study site. This scheme of mosquito sampling was the same each month during the study period. Female mosquitoes collected by HLC particularly the Head-thoraces of these mosquitoes were tested for the presence of circumsporozoite protein (CSP). Mosquitoes collected by PSC were used for species identification based on the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technic. Results from this study showed a total of 63,012 female mosquitoes were caught from the two methods whereas 58,285 were by HLC. Plasmodium falciparum was mainly transmitted by Anopheles gambiae s.s and Anopheles arabiensis where malaria transmission was high from June to November during the rainy season and declined during the dry season (December-May). The average entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was significantly higher during the rainy season compared to the dry season (p

The purpose of current study was to investigate the fish biodiversity and physiochemical assessment of river Kurram district Bannu. Total 8 species belonging 7 genera, 4 families and 4 orders were collected from two sites (KurramGari andDaud Shah) of river Kurram. The cyprinidae family was most abundant represented by 5species, notopteridae, mastacemblida and channidae families were represented by 1 species. The catchment frequencies of the collected specimen were 49 and percentile value of cyprinidae (63.27%), mastacemblidae (14.28%), notopteridae (12.24%) and Channidae (10.21%) respectively, while most of the species were commercially important fishes.Water samples were taken in between 1.00 to 3.00 p.m. from two sites (KurramGari and Daud Shah) within a month of river Kurram and brought to the water monitoring laboratory National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) Islamabad for analyzed their hardness, alkalinity, pH (Power of Hydrogen ion concentrations), TDS (total dissolved solids), temperature and oxygen.After analyzing their physiochemical parameters showed the normal values and not too much different and risky for fish life in the river Kurram.

The present study was conducted to assess as well as monitor the status of macro-basidiomycetes in terms of species richness, abundance and distribution at Cagayan State University Lal-lo. It sought to profile the macro-basidiomycetes and looked into the ecological factors affecting their density and distribution. The study employed the Descriptive Classification Survey (Colmerin) design and quadrant method in field sampling. Opportunistic method for macro-basidiomycetes sampling was also used during the survey on the months of July to October 2017. Field sampling of macro-basidiomycetes resulted to the identification of five orders, 17 genera and 20 species with a total of 34 individuals. Majority of the basidiomycetes belonged to Order Polyporales. One species, a wood decay macrofungus, remained unidentified. Results showed that Schizophyllum commune (Fr.) (a) has the highest population density, while Ganoderma pfeifferi (Bres) has the lowest. In terms of population distribution, only six species were most distributed, and five species, including the unknown species, were least distributed. Correlation analysis showed that amount of rainfall, soil moisture and air moisture had positive effects on the density and distribution of some macro-basidiomycetes, while elevated soil and air temperature reduced the density and distribution of these species. In contrast, an increase in air and soil temperatures made the population of Volvariella volvacea to be more abundant and more dispersed. Results of this research shall be an important contribution in the creation of conservation actions and policies for strengthening the biodiversity conservation, especially of the country’s mycoflora.

10.12692/ijb/14.

Olives are the only species of the family Oleaceae with edible fruits and thus, these fruits due to their properties as food and oil have found a significant value. These plants however exhibit a pattern of alternate bearing which affect fruit yield during consecutive years. The present study, therefore, was designed to compare the nutritional status of Olea ferruginea Royle fruits in terms of proximate and elemental composition collected during on-year and off-year of fruit-bearing. Proximate (moisture, ash content, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, organic matter, total carbohydrate) composition was quantified and compared for alternate bearing. Results of the proximate analysis showed a relatively higher percentage of moisture content, organic matter, Crude protein and crude fat in on-year samples whereas Ash content, Crude fiber and total carbohydrate content were documented in higher amounts in off-year samples. Analysis of variance however depicted a significant difference (p≤0.05) between percentages of the carbohydrate content in consecutive year samples. These results emphasized the fact that lower yield during off-year may reinforce the accumulation of certain elements in olive fruits and thus, may be considered a good source of elemental supplements and mineral fertilizer. However, overall findings agreed to the O. ferruginea fruits may serve as a good source of nutrition and thus, sustainable conservation of this wild olive specie is highly recommended.

The study was carried out to assess the woody species of the lowland forest over limestone in the Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park (NSMNP) in Palanan, Isabela, Northeast Luzon, Philippines in order to provide information of its floral diversity, endemism and conservation status. An updated species list was provided based on the recent field survey and analysis of herbarium records. A total of 138 woody species in 92 genera and 42 families were recorded consisting of three lianas, 34 shrubs and 101 small to large trees. The ten most speciose families were Meliaceae (13 spp.) Rubiaceae (8 spp.), Annonaceae (7 spp.), Ebenaceae (7 spp.), Fabaceae (7 spp.), Dipterocarpaceae (7 spp.), Myrtaceae (6 spp.), Primulaceae (5 spp.), Rutaceae (5 spp.), and Vitaceae (5 spp.). Genus Diospyros of the family Ebenaceae had the highest number of species (7) followed by genera Ficus (6), Shorea (5), Syzygium (5), and Leea (5). The most important species was Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Miq. Species endemism is very high, 41% (56) of the total number of species, nine (9) of which are single-island endemics known only to Luzon Island. Twenty-two (22) were threatened species, one being critically endangered, two are endangered, 15 are vulnerable and four are near threatened. The information provided is crucial in the management of the natural park, which requires serious monitoring and protection.

Effective fisheries law enforcement is essential for conserving marine biodiversity, protecting coastal ecosystems, and ensuring the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Despite the enactment of Republic Act No. 8550, as amended by Republic Act No. 10654, limited qualitative evidence exists regarding the experiences of frontline implementers responsible for enforcing these fisheries laws in the Philippines. This study explored the lived experiences of fisheries law implementers in the Northern Zamboanga Peninsula to better understand the factors influencing effective law enforcement and marine resource conservation. A qualitative phenomenological research design was employed involving ten purposively selected participants representing the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Philippine National Police-Maritime Group, Philippine Coast Guard, Municipal Agriculture Offices, and Bantay Dagat. Data were collected through four in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion involving six participants and were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Nine interrelated themes emerged. Positive experiences included institutional support and community cooperation, which enhanced motivation and operational effectiveness. Major challenges comprised political and systemic intervention, safety and security risks, and inadequate logistical resources that constrained consistent law enforcement. Participants addressed these challenges through professional integrity, inter-agency coordination, collaborative enforcement, and continuous public education and awareness campaigns. The findings demonstrate that effective implementation of fisheries legislation depends not only on the legal framework but also on adequate institutional support, transparent governance, sufficient operational resources, and meaningful collaboration among enforcement agencies and coastal communities. Strengthening these interconnected factors will enhance fisheries law enforcement and contribute to the long-term conservation of marine biodiversity and the sustainable management of coastal resources in the Philippines.