Percy's Studyblr

You know who we can blame? The people who voted for him. Every man who voted against women. Every white person who voted against black and brown people. Every cis person who voted against trans people. Every straight person who voted against gay people. They are to blame. Not leftists, not Palestinians, not our allies.

the point of a bachelors degree is to give you a well-rounded education, to give you new experiences and new frameworks from which to think from - the goal of four year higher education is to give you the tools to be a good citizen, someone who can think critically and has a broad base of knowledge from which to draw from in order to make informed decisions (coincidentally this is also the goal of public school - to exist in a functioning democracy you must have a educated population - but y’all are the same people complaining that you’ll never use geometry or literary analysis iN rEaL lIfE)

don’t fall for the neoliberal bullshit which says that the only value in education is a job

and don’t get me wrong a bachelors degree is not for everyone (although i do believe everyone deserves the opportunity, free public university all the way) but don’t pretend it’s the only option

List of 188 Japanese particles with meaning / usage

は (wa)Indicantes the topic of a sentence

か (ka)At the end of a sentence indicating a question

が (ga)Indicates the subject of a sentence

に (ni)Indicates a location

の (no)Indicates possession

は (wa)Indicates a contrast between 2 items

に (ni)Indicates time or frequency

へ (e)Indicates direction

を (wo/o)Indicates the direct object of a verb

と (to)Used to connect and list up multiple items

や (ya)Used to connect and partially list up multiple items

など (nado)Used with や (ya) to partially list up multiple items

も (mo)means “too”, “either”, “also”

も (mo)both…and…, neither…nor…

に (ni)Indicates the indirect object of a verb

に (ni)Indicates the surface of a object where some action takes place

で (de)Indicates the location of an action

と (to)Together with

の (no)Indicates an apposition

から (kara)Indicates a starting point in time or place

より (yori)Indicates a starting point in time or place but more formal than kara (20)

まで (made)Indicates a limit on time, space or quantity

くらい (kurai)Indicates an approximate amount

ほど (hodo)Indicates an approximate amount

ばかり(bakari)Indicates an approximate amount

で (de)Indicates a means or material

か (ka)Indicates a choice or alternative

を (wo/o)Indicates a point of departure

を (wo/o)Indicates a route of a movement/motion

に (ni)Indicates a point of arrival

に (ni)Indicates an entering motion

に (ni)Used together with a verb to express a purpose

と (to)Used when quoting someone

と いう (to iu)Indicates the name of something

とか (toka)“something like”

で (de)Indicates a limit or scope

と (to)Indicates a comparison

より (yori)Indicates a comparison

より (yori)Indicates superlative

くらい (kurai)Indicates a comparison

ほど (hodo)Indicates a comparison in a negative sentence

か (ka)someone, something

も (mo)“nothing”, nobody”, nowhere” if used with an interrogative word

に (ni)Used with a verb to indicate a change or choice

をする (wo/o suru)Expresses an occupation or position

でも (demo)Indicates emphasis

でも (demo)Together with an interrogative word it means “anything”, “anyone”, any time”

で (de)Indicates a cause or a reason

から (kara)Indicates a source such as a giver, a cause or material

に (ni)Indicates a person who gives something or who provides a service

は (wa) + が (ga)Indicates the relation between an object / subjects and a verb or adjective

が (ga)Connects two sentences with the meaning “but…”

を (wo/o)Used with an verb expressing emotions, it indicates the cause of this emotion

で (de)Indicates a state / condition of something

で (de)Limits numbers

だけ (dake)Indicates a limit on things or amounts

だけ (dake)Indicates a limit on an action or state

で (de)Indicates the time of completion or expiration of something

でも (demo)Following a noun, means “or something like this”

も (mo)Emphasizes in a positive or negative way

でも (demo)Indicates two or more items as an example of a larger list

ばかり (bakari)Indicates that an item, state or action is a single one

ばかり (bakari)Indicates an action was just completed

ところ (tokoro)Indicates that an action takes place, just took place or is about to take place

が (ga)Indicates the subject of subordinate clause when it is different from the subject of the main clause

から (kara)conjunction meaning “after” or “since”

ながら (nagara)Indicates that an action is happening simultaneously

が (ga)Indicates the subject of a relative clause

の (no)Indicates the subject of a relative clause

から (kara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a cause or reason

ので (node)Indicates a strong reason

の (no)Indicates a modified pronoun

の (no)Used to nominalize verbs & sentences

なら (nara)Used as a conjunction and indicates a supposition or condition

なら (nara)Indicates a topics and is used as an alternative to wa (No.1)

と (to)Indicates a condition that results in an inevitable outcome

ば (ba)Used as a conjunction to express a probable results

ばいい (ba)“all you have to do…”

ば (ba)Used to enumerate two or more actions or states

たら (tara)Used as a conjunction, indicates a supposition or condition

たら (tara)Used as a conjunction to indicate that one action takes place before the action described in the main sentence

ところ (tokoro)Used as a conjunction to indicate a condition that brings about a discovery

ても (temo)a conjunction meaning “even if”

ても (temo)Used with a set of contrasting verbs and adjectives

ても (temo)Together with an interrogative word it means “no matter what/where/who”

ては (tewa)Indicates a condition which will bring a negative conclusion

のみ (nomi)Indicates a limit (similar to だけ　dake)

まで (made)“even”, used to emphasize

さえ (sae)“even”, used to emphasize

さえ (sae)“if only” or “as long as”

のに (noni)“although”, “in spite of the fact that”

ながら (nagara)“although”, “though”, “but”

とか (toka)Indicates that a list of two ore more things or actions is not exhaustive

たり (tari)List of two or more actions in no particular sequence

たり (tari)Indicates actions or states that alternate

のに (noni)Indicates a purpose or function

のです (no desu)Asks for an explanation or reason

きり (kiri)Indicates a limit to an amount

きり (kiri)Indicates the last time a certain incident occured

とも (tomo)Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”

ながら (nagara)Used with numbers and counters to mean “both” or “all”

しか (shika)Used with a negative verb to indicate limits on conditions or quantities meaning “only”

しかない (shika nai)used with a verb meaning “to have no choice but to”

し (shi)Used as a conjunction, indicating two or more actions or states

し (shi)Used as a conjunction indicating a reason

とも (tomo)Indicates inclusion

に (ni)Indicates the one acting or the one acted upon

か (ka)Indicates uncertainty about something

か (ka)Indicates uncertainty about a state or reason

だの (dano) Indicates two or more items or actions of a longer list (similar to toka とか)

だの (dano)Indicates a pair of opposite actions or states

など (nado)“something to the effect”

やら (yara)Indicates two or more items of a longer list

やら (yara)Indicates uncertainty

ても (temo)Indicates an approximate limit with the meaning of “at the most”

とも (tomo)Indicates an approximate maximum or minimum

は (wa)Indicates that a number is the higher or lowest limit

と (to)Emphasizes a number in a negative sentence

など (nado)Indicates examples

くらい (kurai)Expresses an extent of an action or condition similar to ぐらい gurai

ほど (hodo)Indicates the extend of an action or condition

ほど (hodo)“the more… the more…”

だけ (dake)“as… as…”

だけ (dake)“the more… the more…”

と (to)“about to do something”, “trying to do something”

と (to)“even if…”, “whether… or not”

なり (nari)“either…”, “whether…or”

なり (nari)“anything”, “anyone”, “any time”

こそ (koso)Emphasizes the word preceding it

こそ (koso)Emphasizes a reason or a cause

ては (tewa)Expresses repetition of an action

に (ni)Joins two or more nouns to indicate a list of items

に (ni)Connects two or more items to indicate a matching or a contrast

にしては (ni shite wa)Indicates a generally agreed upon standard

にとって (ni totte)Indicates an effect or value of a person or thing

について (ni tsuite)“about”, “concerning” something or someone

とも…とも (tomo… tomo)“can’t say whether… or…”

が (ga)“even if”, “whether… or not”

は (wa)Emphasizes contrasting elements

として (toshite)Indicates status, capacity or function

として (toshite)Provides emphasis in a negative sentence

ばかりでなく(bakari de naku)“not only… but also”

だけ (dake) used to express “not only…but also”

のみ (nomi)used to express “not only…but also”

なり (nari)“as soon as”

146がはやいか (ga hayai ka)“as soon as”

やいなや (ya ina ya)“as soon as”

かないうちに (ka nai uchi ni)“no sooner had”, “hardly had”

ばかり (bakari)Indicates the only action left to do

ばかりに (bakari ni)Emphasizes a reason or cause

すら (sura)Emphasizes in the meaning of “even”

など (nado)Expresses a humble attitude towards an item

とも (tomo)“no matter what”, “even if”

ともあろうひと (tomo aroo hito)To express that someone did something not to be expected

どころか (dokoro ka)“far from”, “not to mention”

だけに (dake ni)Indicates a cause or reason

までもない (made mo nai)“there is no need to…”

ものの (mono no)“but” or “although”

ところで (tokoro de)“even if”

けれども (keredomo)Connects 2 sentences meaning “but” or “although”

けれども (keredomo)Indicates a preliminary remark

が (ga)Used to soften a statement or refusal

けれども (keredomo)Indicates a desire

ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to confirm a statement

ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to soften a request or suggestion

ね (ne)At the end of a sentence to indicate a reason or cause

ねえ (nee)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion

よ (yo)At the end of a sentence to state a strong conviction

よ (yo)At the end of a sentence to articulate a request or suggestion

かしら (kashira)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by women

かな (kana)At the end of a sentence to express uncertainty, a request or a question and mainly used by men

な (na)At the end of a sentence and used by men to confirm a statement

な (na)At the end of a sentence to express a prohibition, used by men

なあ (naa)At the end of a sentence to express emotion, used by men

なあ (naa)At the end of a sentence to express a desire

の (no)At the end of a sentence to express a question or soften a command, used by women

わ (wa)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, used by women

さ (sa)At the end of a sentence to indicate slight emphasis, used by men

こと (koto)At the end of a sentence to indicate emotion, used by women

こと (koto)At the end of a sentence to express a suggestion or invitation, used by women

もの (mono)At the end of a sentence to express a reason or excuse

とも (tomo)At the end of a sentence to express an assertion

ものか (monoka)At the end of a sentence to express a negative determination, used by men

や (ya)At the end of a sentence to soften a statement, request or suggestion, used by men

たら (tara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a suggestion or proposal

やら (yara)At the end of a sentence to indicate a rhetorical question with a negative implication

ぜ (ze)At the end of a sentence to add for to sentence, used by men

[Text transcript at the end of the screenshots]

I'll let you in on a secret. I have a doctorate in education, but the field’s basically just a 100 years old. We don’t really know what we’re doing. Our scholarly understanding of how learning happens is like astronomy 2000 years ago.

Most classroom practice is astrology.

 me: i need to use the Bathroom 

(disclaimer: I am not diagnosed, but I have my own struggles. I will not defend myself in this post. send me an ask if you care that much, but keep it out of the comments please.)

what happens -> how I deal with it

————–

reading

flipping letters & transposing syllables -> listen to new words with audio; read “aloud” in your head 

you may not even notice when you misread something, but the audio gives you a second chance to catch your mistake. reading “aloud” won’t lessen the number of errors you make, but it should help you identify incorrect words more easily. then you can try to read it again

misreading words entirely -> don’t get hung up on it; take a break if you’ve been studying for a while

recently, I’ve read 二 as 人; puño as palo; and Verhandlung as Verständnis, and these are definitely more than careless mistakes. I don’t know what to say other than to be lienient with yourself. if you’ve been working for an hour, there’s a chance that you just need a break, but if it happens without reason, forgive yourself

simply can’t process the dang sentence -> skip it

you’ve read the sentence. you know that you should be able to understand it. but you just can’t… skip it. if you have to read something 4 times in you native language to get it, reading it 10 times in your TL will only frustrate you. it’s okay to just go onto the next sentence :)

your spelling is shxt -> sorry, I’ve got nothing (please leave comments if you have advice)

listening

just need a second to process -> ask natives to pause; pause whatever your listening to

you probably freeze even after hearing random sentences in your native language because you need to process. let yourself do the same in your TL. there’s no shame in pausing your netflix show because you need a second. also, make sure you know how to ask speakers to wait in your TL

they’ve said it 3 times, and the words still sound incomprehensible -> ask for the sentence to be reworded

this works decently enough for me. I’m not sure why. sometimes asking a speaker to slow down helps, too!

another sensory annoyance is keeping you from focusing -> try to eliminate the annoyance 

ask if you can move the conversation to a quieter room, turn off the lights, get a blanket, etc. if I’m hyperfocused on how terrible I feel, my comprehension goes out the door. allow yourself to feel comfortable

note: try to identify when listening comprehension is a processing struggle versus a language learner struggle. you’ll be better able to accomodate yourself after figuring that out

speaking

your mouth just won’t make the words -> speak slower, find synonyms

say the word syllable by syllable if you can. if you still can’t do it, you can also choose a synonym. (the number of words in my native language that I just can’t even say lmao) 

you realize the sentence you’re saying / just said is unintelligible -> try again from the begining

take a second in your mind to figure out what you want to say, then speak slowly to make sure your brain has the time to process it. I hate this because it makes me feel stupid, but it works… make sure you know how to say “let me try again” or something similar in your TL

“Ask first” is more disruptive if you’re literally sitting in your own home where you can just mute yourself if you need to make noise.

Here are some more “ambiguous” phrases which courts have found DO NOT invoke your right to a lawyer:

“Maybe I should speak to my lawyer first.”

“I might like a lawyer.”

“I think I should have a lawyer present for this.”

“Could I speak to my lawyer first?”

“How long until my lawyer gets here?”

And perhaps most egregiously – “Get me a lawyer, dawg – ‘cause this is not what’s up.”

Here are the magic phrases which you need to know if you want to invoke your Miranda rights:

1) “Am I free to leave?”

It’s worth asking this even if the answer is obvious. Even if the officer does not let you leave, by forcing them to admit that you are not free to leave, you are creating a record which your attorney can use to prove that you were in custody. Miranda rights only apply if the interrogation is custodial, meaning that police officers will frequently claim that their suspects were “not in custody” to get around their Miranda rights.

2) “I am invoking my right to remain silent.”

Simply staying silent will not invoke your right to remain silent. As absurd as this is, you must explicitly say that you are invoking your right to remain silent in order to invoke that right.

3) “I am invoking my right to an attorney.”

As stated above, you must be not only clear and unambiguous, but clear and legally unambiguous. Don’t get cute. Don’t get sassy. And on the flip side, don’t get intimidated and use verbal ticks to minimize your request. Say the line with those words exactly – say it clearly, and say it once, and then say nothing else.

Because even after you’ve done all this, the police can still try to get you to talk. They’re not supposed to interrogate you, but they’re allowed to make casual conversation, and if that conversation just happens to circle back around to the thing they wanted to question you about, well, that’s really your fault for talking after you said you wouldn’t, isn’t it? Can’t possibly fault the poor officers when you initiated – if you really wanted to have your rights respected, you wouldn’t have talked to them in the first place.

The police know this, and they will mercilessly exploit this loophole. So, once you’ve successfully invoked your Miranda rights, any and all conversation you have with police officers will put those rights back into jeopardy. 

Putting it all together:

Ask: “Am I free to leave?”

If they say no, say: “I am invoking my right to remain silent and I am invoking my right to an attorney.”

And then shut up and do not say a single thing to them for any reason whatsoever until you have actually spoken to an attorney. Yes, even if it takes hours. Yes, even if they start talking to you about something else.

Finally, a very important disclaimer: