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The reference photo is a slice of a crystal column from the Anahí Mine in Bolivia.

It is a combination of amethyst and citrine that forms completely naturally. So both of these crystals result from iron (Fe) impurities and irradiation in the quartz structure. Amethyst results from Fe 3+, while citrine results from Fe 3+ ions, more water and possibly more heat.

Side note: you can make citrine from amethyst by putting it in an oven. A lot of the citrine on the market with a darker orange/yellow colour is actually heat treated amethyst. Natural citrine has a lighter colour than what we often see on the market.

The differences in the crystal colour result from water and iron being favourably trapped in certain zones of the quartz structure during growth.

It was the most amazing experience to work with you, taddy!!!! The amount of talent and hard work that went into these drawings is mind blowing. Thank you thank you thank you!!!

This is columnar basalt. Look me in the eyes and tell me this isn't the best thing ever.

Iceland designed a whole church based on columnar basalt look at it

You like Marvel movies? Columnar basalt.

AND THEN THERE'S PAHOEHOE

ARE YOU KIDDING ME

hitting them with hammers

kidnapping them (taking home samples)

cutting them into pieces with a saw

crushing them into a gravel

crushing the gravel to a fine powder

shooting x-rays at said fine powder (xrd)

Cumulate rock

Cumulate rocks are plutonic rocks in which cumulus minerals have been concentrated during the cooling of the magma chamber.