APDeductionist

IMPORTANT

This is something I feel is worth talking about and I beg you to read through this because I think this is something that’s extremely important.

Facts are discredited.

How many times have you seen or met someone on the internet or in real life that believes that something that is proven to be wrong? Well this happens all the time and it is a big problem for the scientific community. Only 7 out of 10 Americans believe in global warming, global warming is a proven phenomenon and yet 3 out of 10 doesn’t believe in it. 4 out of 6 Americans believe that humans have existed the way we are now since beginning of time and yet evolution is proven to be a fact. You may see why this is a problem. Something that may be more relatable is an experience we all have. You have a conversation with your two friends. They stop you to correct a word you’ve just said. The only problem is that you said the word that they told you were the correct one. You tell them that’s the word you used and they say that you didn’t use that. You refuse to believe them even though they both heard the same thing and that they’re more likely to be correct. 2 against 1. We are more inclined to believe in our feelings or experiences than statistics and proven facts. Facts are discredited.

This is a problem.

You probably see the obvious reason why this is bad. This inhibits scientific progress. The more people that knows and accepts scientific facts the more people can develop and discover to improve the technological world we live in. We also need to understand that we can be wrong in social situations but that’s hard for us thanks to something called “confirmation bias”. This is when we look for things that confirm our opinion and overlook or miss the things that disproves it. One more reason this might be happening is the “Illusory truth effect” which means that you’re exposed to a piece of information so much that it becomes your reality. If we strongly believe in our opinion or just our beliefs, then we make it harder for others in our social life, we even disregard other people’s intelligence because we think that we’re always right and if our friends don’t agree they’re wrong. This is all part of cognitive ease, we often want to do what is more energy efficient and the things that make you change your mind put cognitive strain on you and that takes a lot of energy. And if you think yourself to not do this then you do this but you don’t know of it. This is a problem.

Anecdotal evidence can sometimes be okay.

Don’t get me wrong. Anecdotal evidence can sometimes be an extraordinary thing and a big part of why humans are the most successful race on the planet. Anecdotal evidence is “evidence” that you base on experience or feelings. You build a map of what you’ve experienced and then calculate the risk or reward based on those experiences. This can and will often be wrong but if you do it in a systematic way you can make that risk a lot smaller. This is a great tool when working with deductions for example, but when research has been done and all point towards a specific point, it’s very stupid to ignore the facts. Do this until your beliefs are challenged, then study and see if you are wrong. If you are wrong change your beliefs. Anecdotal evidence can sometimes be okay.

You are not your opinions.

Something people seem to think is that they are what they believe. That’s not true. We are in broad terms a brain and all other parts are mere appendixes. But that’s in physical terms. In psychological terms, you are a lot of things. We are our likes and dislikes, our experiences and lack of experiences, our dreams and what we are afraid of. Our personality changes over time, slowly but it does change. Our beliefs and opinions do influence our personality but not really in the way most think. We should be ready to change our opinions and beliefs around what is correct and proven. You are who you want to be. You are not your opinions.

Please think about this.

This is something that’s important. We need people to rise above pride and energy efficiency. We need people that are okay with changing their beliefs and changing our world from a world of ignorance to a world of knowledge. Please think about this.

Read more:

Beliefs about global warming/climate change.

Beliefs about evolution.

Confirmation bias.

Illusory truth effect.

Cognitive ease.

Anecdotal evidence.

Now the second part of preparation for the DTP will be about the three different kinds of memory that are important in mnemonics.

Unconscious memory:

This is the kind of memory that helps you store information unconsciously. You may talk to someone, they tell you something and thanks to some unknown reason you remember that. Probably because you thought it was interesting or because it made you feel strongly about something. This can be both good and bad. It’s fun that you randomly remember facts but it’s not as fun to remember things that scare you or disgust you.

Conscious memory:

This is when you try to remember something consciously. Whether it’s with mnemonics or not. When you study for a test and try and read about it again and again or if you use mnemonics to remember it more efficiently, you make a conscious effort to remember the information you need.

Reflex memory:

Now this is a special kind of memory. This is the memory that you don’t have to think about at all, like language. Most of us can talk freely without thinking about it. But this is also where the major system should be located (more on that in a later post). Some argue that you can’t control if something is remembered with reflex memory, but you can absolutely control this. Though it’s not worth the effort with some things, like regular information.

Now this is all the kinds of memory we will talk about because these are the most important ones. Some say that working memory or short term memory is important but it really isn’t, because you can easily get around those with mnemonics.

Let’s talk about the absolute basics in deduction. Seems like there’s a lot of people that misunderstand them, even other deductionists. This post is made to correct some of these misunderstandings.

What do we deductionists do? We gather information and make conclusions about that information. The premise is simple. Is it simple to get to the same level as Sherlock? No. Do I know of someone that is on the same level as Sherlock? No, and I know quite a few deductionists. But here’s the big reason why I don’t know of anyone at the same level as Sherlock, it’s not that Sherlock is fictional, it’s because of perfect situations that Sherlock is in. These happen, but not as often as Sherlock finds himself in them.

The way with OCC:

First of all, you should try and remember OCC. This the order in which you as a deductionist should operate.

Observation – Here you observe the place or person you are deducing. There are things to look for if you have the knowledge, some says you should observe everything, and sure, you should do that in a perfect world but you won’t be able to use everything you observe so that will only waste your time when you get into higher ranks of deduction. And if you want to know what to observe than all you need to do is practice.

Conclusion – The second step is to come to a conclusion from what you have observed. This is the deduction, we will talk more about this later on in this text. This will require both logic and knowledge. If you lack in one of these then you’ll need to train that.

Confirmation – Now this is something most deductionist don’t do because they are scared of failing. If you don’t confirm if you are right you’ll hinder your own progress extremely. If you can confirm, always try to.

The parts

Now, most break down deduction into two parts, logic and knowledge. I think that the knowledge part needs to be split into two parts. Absolute knowledge and statistical knowledge. This is important, I’ll try and explain why but first you need to know about the three kinds of deduction.

Deduction –

This reasoning is used when you have one or more statements that you combine to reach a logical conclusion.

The reasoning is that if the statements are true and clear the conclusion must be true.

An example of deductive reasoning:

Statements:

Pink is not a natural hair colour.

Emily has pink hair.

Conclusion:

Someone/something has dyed Emily’s hair pink.

This is deduction in which you use absolute knowledge to make a deduction. And if you truly use absolute knowledge then the conclusion will be correct.

Induction –

In inductive reasoning, you come to a conclusion that’s probable. The statements are viewed as strong evidence for your conclusion.

An example of inductive reasoning:

Statements:

There are marbles in this bag.

All 8 out of 10 marbles I have seen from this bag are black.

Conclusion:

All marbles from this bag are black.

This doesn’t tell you if the conclusion is true or not but thanks to the strong evidence of the statements you’re presented with, it’s probable that the conclusion is true. This is statistical knowledge and will be true most of the time.

Abduction –

In abductive reasoning, you have the statements and from that, you make an educated guess about what the conclusion might be. This reasoning is looking for the best explanation.

An example of abductive reasoning:

Statements:

The grass is wet.

The grass is usually dry.

Conclusion:

It has rained.

This is something we deductionists often do. We always look for the best explanation based on the evidence we are provided. This, if done correctly, will also most often be true. This will often be your own conducted statistical knowledge.

The reason why “knowledge” should be split into “absolute knowledge” and “statistical knowledge” is that if you have the logic you’ll never be wrong with absolute knowledge, but with statistical knowledge, you can still be wrong. Some tell you that logic is more important than knowledge and vice versa. This couldn’t be more wrong. Logic and knowledge are equally important. Those who don’t agree probably don’t know that much about the category they are dismissing. Logic and knowledge should work together alongside each other.

But if you want the “WOW effect” one of these triumphs over the other. If you do a deduction via logic people can see your train of thought quite easily, especially if you explain it. If you do deduction via knowledge then people won’t be able to follow your train of thought without that specific knowledge. And more people have a good logical mind than specific knowledge about everything. Something magicians have as a catchphrase nowadays are “People aren’t stupid” and that is true. If you, the reader of this thinks that most people are stupid then you need to come out of that bubble of yours.

Some other things.

So can you yourself measure how good you are at deduction? No, not really. You’ll always be biased towards yourself. So if you like yourself, you’ll probably think that you are better at deduction than you really are. If you think the worst of yourself then you’ll probably think you are worse than you really are. Then we have the “Dunning–Kruger effect”, most of you will probably, in the beginning, think that you are better at deduction than you really are, because of the Dunning-Kruger effect. It predicts that beginners rate themselves to be better than they really are while experts rate themselves to be worse than they really are. So no you can’t measure your skill level yourself.

This point I’ll make now is kind of connected to the previous one. Don’t assume you are right. That would be really stupid. If you assume you are right, you’ll fall for confirmation bias. This is when you look for things that would prove what you believe to be true, and miss things that disprove your theory. One more reason this is bad, I know of deductionists that don’t want to accept that they’re wrong, even if it’s confirmed. They think the one that tells them they’re wrong are lying. Extremely bad.

The pattern.

Your knowledge about deduction will improve. In the beginning, before you start deduction you’ll probably not know about it at all, you’ll have an unconscious ignorance towards it. When you start reading about it, you’ll probably understand that you don’t know much about it. So you’ll have a conscious ignorance towards it. After trying it out and really learning you’ll start noticing that you can deduce some things, you’ll have and conscious knowledge towards deduction. When you’ve become an expert to master you’ll make deductions without thinking that much, you’ll have an unconscious knowledge about deduction.

Pattern:

Unconscious ignorance

Conscious ignorance

Conscious knowledge

Unconscious knowledge

So, how do you get better in deduction? Practice, it might sound cliché but it’s true. But however, you can shorten the time quite much, if you confirm your deductions. The second C in OCC is extremely important. If you don’t know what you are doing wrong then you can’t improve. You won’t get better just from reading this. So go out there and make deductions and most importantly confirm your deductions.

If you want me to write a post about confirming your deductions about people without the fear to fail (because if you fail they won’t know that you’ve failed) then write to me about that. A lot of people seem to be afraid of saying their deductions out loud.

I think the first thing and the hardest in deduction is observation. As Sherlock says: “You see but do not observe”, and this is a pretty big quote if you think of it. Think of it like this you walk through the city of your home town and you see lots of lots of people. But here is the point you “see” but when did you actually observed the people. Whats with the woman on the right side walking by with her black summer dress and the little blue flip-flops she is wearing. And this is something important I don’t speak here from deduction, I mean clean observant seeing. As I mentioned in a early post, you first need too get all the data you need and then, only then, you can make deduction. If only the people would be observant they could deduce easily things, but they aren’t observant. They walk through they lives and dream to themselves all the time. But observant seeing isn’t just seeing the things that are there, it’s also about the things that aren’t there. For example you know a woman and you know she has a baby. The first thing I ask to myself is, where is the father. It sounds simply and it is. But need to get this mindset and this is the hard part. So what can you do to get this mindset in you brain to kept it everywhere and anytime. The first thing when I started to observe keenly to get this in my head was to write a little note on my hand. I know that sounds a little bit silly but, it had its meaning. Because I am a person that significantly often onto his own hand, I saw this at any time and everywhere. This is the key, every time I started to lose it in my brain, it got kicked up again to consciousness. This leads me to the second point that I want to mention. Don’t be selfish. I know most people aren’t selfish but I don’t mean the selfish in this way. I mean with selfish don’t think about you. Stop thinking about you cloth and start observing. You now know some of the basic tricks so we can get to the intermediate tricks. So think of this if you are next time in the bus, school or I don’t know , it doesn’t really matter except that there must be people. This could even be your friends. So the first thing I do is to look for the cloth. What are they wearing? A dress? A T-shirt? I think you can get it. The I look for the colors and the pattern of it. Next are the shoes. Dirty or not ? Sporty or business ? Then the jewelry. And so on and on. One thing after the other. If you got some data from the day before then you can ask questions like “What is changed” or “What isn’t changed?”. But you can’t this only for people you can do this with everything. Like a room. What color has the floor, roof and the walls. What shape they are and of what material are they made. I think you slowly get the way how this “game” works. And so for the sake of deduction. Go out and observe and learn. So you are getting a step closure to the good deductionist.

So far, we’ve been filling your dash with a bunch of theoretical knowledge. Which is great and all, but difficult to apply in the dreaded ‘real world’. If you’re the type of person who can take concepts from paper (or a screen) and figure out exactly what you need to do to put it to use, not only do I applaud you, but I also suggest to stop reading this and go about whatever it is you do on a day like today. For those who like a specific program to work through, I hope the following will be useful.

Please note: that I am not a ‘trained professional’, that I am creating this program out of tips, articles, books and exercises I have read, and that I will be trying out this program alongside anyone else who tries it, and thus I do not know the degree of it’s effectiveness (although also please know that everything I include will be cited, so that you can refer to the original materials from which I learned of the information presented).

The program will go as follows:

Weeks 1-4: Observation

Week One

Week Two 

Week Three

Week Four

Weeks 5-7: Body Language

Week One

Week Two

Week Three 

Weeks 8-10: Memory

Weeks 11-14: Picture Deduction

Weeks 15-18: Deduction

**The number of weeks on each section may change as the program continues to be refined.

**Each section has an overview and each week a specific blog post, and as the program continues to be updated, the links will be available on this post.

Hey! So after about six months of this blog being, we hit 500 followers, which is quite a large milestone if you think about it, esp. in terms of the deduction community.

Obviously there’s no special event planned for this, however if there’s anything you’d like any of the members to post, send us an ask, or message the blogs directly.

Speaking of, in the past few months a few people have left and lots have joined, so I’ll be trying to make an update post in the coming weeks so you can all go follow the members.

Enjoy your day

1. If something doesn’t make sense, on of your assumptions are faulty.

2. A criminals reason for committing a crime is almost always faulty.

3. Improbable things happen a lot.

4. When you boil everything down, there are only two emotions: fear, and love

5. Work to disprove a theory, just as hard as you work to prove it; if it’s a correct theory, you won’t be able to disprove it.

6. Don’t blur the lines between fantasy and reality.

7. Humans aren’t as unique as we like to think we are.

8. After trauma, people are usually emotional before they are rational.

9. The easy, or obvious answer isn’t always right, but it isn’t always wrong.

I believe in free education, one that’s available to everyone; no matter their race, gender, age, wealth, etc… This masterpost was created for every knowledge hungry individual out there. I hope it will serve you well. Enjoy!

FREE ONLINE COURSES (here are listed websites that provide huge variety of courses)

Alison 

Coursera

FutureLearn

open2study

Khan Academy

edX

P2P U

Academic Earth

iversity

Stanford Online

MIT Open Courseware

Open Yale Courses

BBC Learning

OpenLearn

Carnegie Mellon University OLI

University of Reddit

Saylor

IDEAS, INSPIRATION & NEWS (websites which deliver educational content meant to entertain you and stimulate your brain)

TED

FORA

Big Think 

99u

BBC Future

Seriously Amazing

How Stuff Works

Discovery News

National Geographic

Science News

Popular Science

IFLScience

YouTube Edu

NewScientist

DIY & HOW-TO’S (Don’t know how to do that? Want to learn how to do it yourself? Here are some great websites.)

wikiHow

Wonder How To

instructables

eHow

Howcast

MAKE

Do it yourself

FREE TEXTBOOKS & E-BOOKS

OpenStax CNX

Open Textbooks

Bookboon

Textbook Revolution

E-books Directory

FullBooks

Books Should Be Free

Classic Reader

Read Print

Project Gutenberg

AudioBooks For Free

LibriVox

Poem Hunter

Bartleby

MIT Classics

Many Books

Open Textbooks BCcampus

Open Textbook Library

WikiBooks

SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES & JOURNALS

Directory of Open Access Journals

Scitable

PLOS

Wiley Open Access

Springer Open

Oxford Open

Elsevier Open Access

ArXiv

Open Access Library

LEARN:

1. LANGUAGES

Duolingo

BBC Languages

Learn A Language

101languages

Memrise

Livemocha

Foreign Services Institute

My Languages

Surface Languages

Lingualia

OmniGlot

OpenCulture’s Language links

2. COMPUTER SCIENCE & PROGRAMMING

Codecademy

Programmr

GA Dash

CodeHS

w3schools

Code Avengers

Codelearn

The Code Player

Code School

Code.org

Programming Motherf*?$%#

Bento

Bucky’s room

WiBit

Learn Code the Hard Way

Mozilla Developer Network

Microsoft Virtual Academy

3. YOGA & MEDITATION

Learning Yoga

Learn Meditation

Yome

Free Meditation

Online Meditation

Do Yoga With Me

Yoga Learning Center

4. PHOTOGRAPHY & FILMMAKING

Exposure Guide

The Bastards Book of Photography

Cambridge in Color

Best Photo Lessons

Photography Course

Production Now

nyvs

Learn About Film

Film School Online

5. DRAWING & PAINTING

Enliighten

Ctrl+Paint

ArtGraphica

Google Cultural Institute

Drawspace

DragoArt

WetCanvas

6. INSTRUMENTS & MUSIC THEORY

Music Theory

Teoria

Music Theory Videos

Furmanczyk Academy of Music

Dave Conservatoire

Petrucci Music Library

Justin Guitar

Guitar Lessons

Piano Lessons

Zebra Keys

Play Bass Now

7. OTHER UNCATEGORIZED SKILLS

Investopedia

The Chess Website

Chesscademy

Chess.com

Spreeder

ReadSpeeder

First Aid for Free

First Aid Web

NHS Choices

Wolfram Demonstrations Project

Please feel free to add more learning focused websites. 

Hi all! Grace here.

I am not yet studying Anatomy and probably won’t until next year, but I decided to look up sources relating to Anatomy and gather them here for future reference! I will be adding more to it as I find more. If you are currently studying Anatomy or already have, please let me know if there were sources you are using/did use that were/are helpful so I can add them! :)

Nurse Journal

Human Body Images

Gross Anatomy

E-Skeleton

Human Anatomy

Introduction to the Human Body

Digestive System: The Inside Story

Body Parts Game

The Immune System

Human Anatomy Learning Modules

The Respiratory System

Anatomy of the Eye

Digestive Disorders and Anatomy

Anatomy Flashcards

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Blood Type Lesson Plan

Introduction to Human Genetics

Anatomy of the Human Brain

Heart Anatomy

Anatomy of the Lungs

NYU Virtual Microscope

Muscle Quizzes

Parts of the Brain

Dermatology Glossary

Interactive Body Games

Anatomical Images

The Bone Box

Muscles of the Body

Anatomy and Physiology Course 

Human Body Maps

The Digestive System

Interactive Case Studies

Online Biology Book

Radiographic Anatomy 

Body Guide: Skin

Immunity Guide

Anatomy Self-Test

I will update original content soon. I've just been a bit busy.

I was going to post the second “Thinkbox” today but I noticed that this might be more important. So I will list logical fallacies that most people fall into all the time. It is really important that these fallacies don’t cloud your mind when you try to make accurate deductions. If you, the reader notice that you may be a victim of any of these fallacies try to change your way of thinking.

Formal logical fallacies

- Anecdotal fallacy - To use personal experience as proof instead of statistics. Example: “All women have long hair” because I’ve only met women with long hair. A way to avoid: Realize that personal experience isn’t as accurate as statistics that have been done on many more people than you can meet.

- Appeal to probability - To think that because something is probable it’s also always the case. Example: “You must be right handed” because most people are. A way to avoid: The probability of something does never grantee you that it is correct.

- Conjunction fallacy - Assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them. Example: “Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which is more probable? 1. Linda is a bank teller. 2. Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement.” Most people chose 2. But the probability of the two occurring together is less or equal to the probability of them occurring alone. Pr(Linda is a bank teller) = 0.05 Pr(Linda is a feminist) = 0.95 Pr(Linda is a bank teller and a feminist) = 0.05 x 0.95 = 0.0475. So the probability of her being both are lower than the lowest. A way to avoid: Just because something seems to fit well together doesn’t mean it does. Try to think critically. Informal logical fallacies

- Argumentum ad lapidem - Dismissing a claim as false without proof of its absurdity. Example: “A: Atoms does not exist. B: Why do you say that? A: It’s ridiculous.” A way to avoid: Don’t dismiss anything at first until you have researched the subject you think may be false.

- Argumentum ad ignorantiam - Assuming that a claim is true because it hasn’t been disproven. Example: “A: Spirits exist. B: No. A: Prove that they aren’t real.” A way to avoid: Don’t think that a hypothesis you have come up it true just because someone else can’t prove it wrong. Extraordinary claims require exceptional proof.

- Divine fallacy - You can’t imagine it to be true so it must be false. Example: “A: Murder only happen in films B: Why do you think that? A: I can’t imagine anyone doing something so wrong.” A way to avoid: Stop thinking that improbable is the same as false. Like the great Sherlock Holmes once said “When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth”.

- Argumentum ad nauseam, argumentum ad infinitum - A topic has been discussed so much that is is seen as true or people don’t care anymore. Example: “You have the left thumb over your right when your fingers are intervened. That means that you are right handed.” A way to avoid: Stop accepting statements as true, conduct som research. Even if it’s on a small scale it might give you som pointers.

- Argumentum ex silentio - Conclusion is based on the absence of evidence instead of proper evidence. Example: “A: Ah you are quiet so you did kill him. B: But I didn’t say anything? A: That’s why I know!” A way to avoid: Try not to assume anything without evidence.

- Argumentum ad hominem - To attack a person instead of their argument. Example: “A: I like ice cream. B: Well you’re stupid.” A way to avoid: You likely know that you’re doing this to some extent, so try to be a good debater and come up with a good counter argument. Or maybe just try to understand the other persons point of view.

- Onus probandi - To make a claim and think that other people must accept it or disprove it themselves. Example: “A: Dogs always lick their owner when greeting them. B: Not always. A: Prove that they don’t.” A way to avoid: Always try to prove your claims, it is your responsibility.

- Circulus in demonstrando - When you begin with the conclusion you’ll end up with. Example: “A: I think he is right handed. B: Why? A: Emm.. Maybe because he has his watch on the left arm? B: That doesn’t necessarily mean that. A: It must mean that!” A way to avoid: Try to observe first and make a conclusion based on the facts. Like Sherlock said “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts”.

- Post hoc ergo propter hoc - Assumption that correlation is the same as causation. Example: “He had an heart attack when riding a roller coaster, so that means I will have one on the roller coaster too.” A way to avoid: Think about the problem you have, does the correlation really equals causation?

- Fallacy of composition - To assume that the whole is true because a part of it is true. Example: “All cells are aquatic. Therefore all organisms (which are composed of cells) are aquatic.” A way to avoid: Like earlier, try to be critical and don’t accept something as true without research.

- Black or white fallacy - Two statements are held to be the only possible option, when in reality there is more. Example: “The coin can only land heads up or tails up”. A way to avoid: If you are used to problem solving this shouldn’t be to much of a problem. Try to keep an open mind when solving a problem.

- Fallacy of the single cause - Assumption that there is one simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by multiple events. Example: “She has a fear of spiders because she had one in her hair when she was young” When it may have been more that contributed to the phobia. A way to avoid: Don’t assume that everything is caused by one event, try seeing the whole picture.

- Psychologist’s fallacy - Presumes you can be objective in your judgement. Example: “A: Something will happen to you if you go out this late. B: You only say that because I’m your daughter.” A way to avoid: This is something that is hard to avoid, we as humans will always be biased when it comes to things we care about, so try breathing and think calmly about the problem you wish to solve if you can’t ignore it.

Even though you know these fallacies they will still affect you. No human can get rid of them all, “errare humanum est” (to err is human). But being aware of them hopefully helps you think about the problem you face a bit more. The ones you should be most aware of is:

Anecdotal fallacy. This I see all the time. People think that their own experiences must be what everybody else is experiencing too. This is a problem when reading studies and the results of the studies doesn’t correlate with your own experience, so you don’t believe it as much.

Appeal to probability. Something that people new to deduction often seem to think is that it’s always foolproof. That even though most things in deduction is statistically based it must come true all the time. This isn’t the case, and new people discard deduction as something they cannot learn or something that is false and that’s tragic.

Argumentum ad lapidem. If you as a deductionist disregard a fact as false without proper evidence you may have trouble learning the art of deduction. Being critical is good but to disregard it entirely isn’t.

Argumentum ad ignorantiam. Likewise assuming that a fact is true because it can’t be disproven seems to be a trend in the world of deduction. I am still baffled by how many people think that long fingers is connected to piano playing (it’s the fingers flexibility that is connected to it.)

Divine fallacy. This falls into the same category as the two above.

Onus probandi. If you have come up with something then it’s also your responsibility to prove it to be right, if you care about it being proven to be correct.

Circulus in demonstrando. My students in deduction have all done this mistake at least one time each. Try to observe then make deductions.

Post hoc ergo propter hoc. Correlation does not equal causation.

Fallacy of composition. If a deductionist have some parts of deduction figured out, well that doesn’t mean they know everything.

Black or white fallacy. Most of the time it exists more than two options, your job as a deductionist is to figure out which of the options is more likely.

Psychologist’s fallacy. Don’t ever believe yourself to be completely objective.

• Make a fist with your thumb outside, not tucked inside. If it’s tucked inside your fist, when you punch someone, you might break your thumb. The thumb goes across your fingers, not on the side.

• Don’t be like in the movies—don’t aim for the face. Face punches don’t usually stop people, and you can miss when they duck their head or break your hand on their jaw. If you want to get away quickly, or end a fight, aim for the chest, or the ribs. If you really want to do some damage, e.g., you’re being attacked, aim for the throat, which will make it hard for your attacker to breathe for a hot minute.

keep your wrist straight.

if your attacker is male, go for his junk - especially if he’s wearing loose pants. There’s no sportsmanship when it comes to assault so fuck them balls UP

punching pretty much ANYWHERE in the face is going to actually hurt you a LOT (just think - you’re punching your bones into their bones and ow). If you’re going for the face, my suggestion is to strick upwards with your palm.

see that meaty portion highlighted in red? There’s a lot of muscle and fat right there which makes it excellent for striking. Hold your hand as shown and aim for the nose or chin (though I’ve been told in extreme circumstances, doing this to the nose can be fatal but I’ve never really heard if this is true or not) and just aim upwards

other delicate areas: 

the shin (hurts like a bitch if you kick it right - also, you can hit this spot if you’re being held in a choke-hold and if your attacker has to move in order to stop you from kicking him, he’ll have to angle his body so as to expose his stomach and crotch to the wild spastic jabbings of your elbows)

the solar plexus (either jab while holding your hand in a sort of spear position or use your elbows - unless you’re super strong, your punch probably won’t wind your attacker. Your elbow or a spear hand will, however)

Originally in (most) martial arts, you hit the solar plexus because it supposedly contained an important chakra. Now we know that it actually also contains like a bunch of necessary organs that are exposed just below your ribs and is also (roughly) where your diaphragm lives so getting punched there is not pleasant.

the clavicle (from experience, getting hit in your clavicle HURTS LIKE A MOTHERFUCKER. If you strike downwards with your knuckles, the person might just cry. Like I did.)

the ear (this is probably the best place to punch besides the throat. It’s all cartilage so it probably won’t hurt you all that much and most people will be like “DUDE YOU PUNCHED ME IN THE EAR WHAT THE HELL”)

the kidneys (this is harder to hit without training but if you somehow get your attacker’s back to face you, try to hit’em in the kidneys. Again, from experience, this FUCKING HURTS. You can’t really hit the kidneys from the front with any effect but from the back it is super painful)

-Draw blood if you can, especially if you can draw it from the face or the eyes. Blood in the eyes is not just a good way to impair your attacker’s vision, it’s also a really good way to freak them out and let them know that they might be getting more than they bargained for by picking a fight with you.

-Elbows and knees are really powerful weapons. Elbows are very sharp and very strong and if you are in close-range they are often more effective than trying to throw a punch.