āan identity used in south asian cultures such as india, pakistan, and bangladesh. itās used as a way to describe femininity in men and used to be used to describe intersex people or people with indeterminate genitalia. it is also seen as a homage to hindu mythology. they are people who are born male but take on feminine roles, act femininely, and dress as such. it used to be that castration was required to be a hijra, but this is not the case anymore. they take on this role in order to represent shiva, who was an ageless and sexless supreme being. many live in communities that are solely filled with hijras which are led by a guru, whilst others are forced into sex work or begging to make it by.ā
this identity is reserved solely for biological males or intersex individuals. biological females cannot be hijra. it was created to forcibly other feminine men and intersex people. to say, āyou are not real men because you are feminine or because you have an intersex disorder.ā theyāre also often forced into poverty and prostitution and are murdered at high rates. many of them are gay men. my friend taught german to a gay man who fled from pakistan to avoid becoming hijra or being murdered. contrary to popular belief, pakistan doesnāt support genuine trans people ( you know, the people with sex dysphoria who want to transition from one sex to another ).
āBut those who identify as transgender, like Choudary, donāt subscribe to the guru-chelah system. As a result, Rana and her chelahs view the transgender identity as alien and even immoral.ā
āāIf you donāt have a guru, we donāt recognize you. These people who say they are transgender; that concept is just wrong,ā says one of Ranaās chelahs. āThey can never be women. They cannot give birth. Even if they change their bodies they canāt change who they are. We are not women. We are what Allah has made.āā
āBut what if you identify not as a Khawaja Sira, or even as a transgender woman, but as a transgender man? In Pakistanās fiercely patriarchal society, the idea of a person whose birth sex is assigned as female growing up to identify as male is almost unheard of.ā
while hijras are simultaneously celebrated and ridiculed for being gender non-conforming, trans people who want to physically transition and who do not identify as khawaja sira are rejected. itās especially difficult for trans men because theyāre biologically female and pakistan is a patriarchal society.
āThe Lakota two spirit people are never born women. Ā Almost all of them, historically, have been men.ā
āYou see this in large numbers of patriarchal American Indian cultures: societies where thereās a firmly established āthirdā gender that men can elect to participate in (sometimes as older people, sometimes from an early age), while womenās gender roles are firmly entrenched and allow for little variance.ā
āWhatās instead true is that American Indian nations that had more rigid gender roles and assigned women less power historically felt the need to strip male/female identities from non-conformers, while more egalitarian societies with less gender socialization lack two-spirit people because of, rather than in spite of, their lack of emphasis on sex-assigned gender roles.ā [ x ]Ā
two spirit was almost exclusively reserved for men. it was a third gender they could elect to participate in ( granted, it stripped them of their male title
āMakkunrai and oroanĆ© are comparable to cisgender women and men, respectively.ā
āBissu are androgynous shamans.ā
āFor one to be considered bissu, all aspects of gender must be combined to form a whole. That can include those who are born intersex. However, some of them have fully functioning male or female sexual organs.ā
āAccording to the Bugis gender system, calabai are false women and so are generally assigned male at birth but take on the role of heterosexual females. Their fashions and gender expression are distinctly feminine but do not match that of ātypicalā cis-gendered women.ā
āThe calalai are assigned female at birth but take on the roles of heterosexual males. They dress and present themselves as men, hold masculine jobs and typically live with female partners to adopt children.ā
makkunrai and oroanĆ© are straight, gender-conforming, cisgender women and men. bissu are gender non-conforming ( androgynous ) individuals or intersex individuals. calabai are gay, feminine men or trans women. calalai are gay, masculine women or trans men.Ā
do you see the problem here? this is a society that forcibly assigns gender non-conforming, gay, intersex, and trans people another label. imagine being a trans woman and being referred to as aĀ āfalse woman.ā imagine being a gay man and being referred to as aĀ āfalse woman.ā imagine being a trans man and being referred to as aĀ āfalse man.ā imagine being a lesbian and being referred to as aĀ āfalse man.ā lmao isnāt it just so cool that lesbians and trans men have to share the same label? that gay men and trans women have to share the same label? isnāt it cool that if youāre intersex, youāre considered bissu and are automatically viewed as androgynous and canāt just be a man or a woman? isnāt it cool that if youāre a straight gnc calalai, youāre likely forced to take a female partner? or that if youāre a straight gnc calabai, youāre likely forced to take a male partner? because you canāt be gay freely in bugis society. if you like the same sex, youāre automatically no longer considered to be your own sex.Ā
āMÄhÅ« is the expression of the third self,ā Kaumakaiwa Kanakaāole, a Native Hawaiian activist and performer told Mana magazine. āIt is not a gender, itās not an orientation, itās not a sect, itās not a particular demographic and itās definitely not a race. It is simply an expression of the third person as it involves the individual. When you find that place in yourself to acknowledge both male and female aspects within and accept the capacity to embrace both ⦠that is where the mÄhÅ« exists and true liberation happens.ā
āIn pre-contact Hawaii ( before white explorers and missionaries brought their homophobia with them ), mÄhÅ«s were considered special and assumed respected and traditional roles within the communities.
āAfter colonization, it became common for āmÄhÅ«ā to be used pejoratively to refer mostly to gay men and drag queens, but sometimes also butch women, and transgendered people of all kinds.ā
mÄhÅ« refers to gender non-conforming individuals, trans people, and gay people. once again, another social role used to other anyone who doesnāt satisfactorily conform.Ā
āfa'afafine are assigned male at birth, and explicitly embody both masculine and feminine gender traits, fashioned in a way unique to this part of the world. Their behavior typically ranges from extravagantly feminine to conventionally masculine.ā
oh, joy. another social role reserved solely for males in which they can express their gender non-conformity ( at the cost of stripping their male title ) while females have no such option.Ā
anyway, itās been sociologically demonstrated that āthird gendersā almost exclusively manifest in cultures where sex-role segregation is most prevalent and harshly policed. i hope you feel like an ass for supporting social roles that forcibly other and ostracize gay people, intersex people, trans people, gnc people, and in some cases disabled people, infertile people, and eunuchs.Ā Ā