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Schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders 101

Optimal vs adequate vs disordered functioning in personality disorders

Personality disorder info (general)

PPD carrd

hammersys's PPD resources

PPD wikipedia page

PPD 101 based on the DSM-5

Understanding PPD

PPD is associated with emotional abuse

Millon's PPD subtypes

PPD vs NPD

PPD vs StPD

Paranoia treatment 101

Community

@ppd-culture-is

@paranoia-culture-is

PPD: 4 or more

Suspects w/o evidence that people are planning to harm them

Preoccupied w/ doubts about loyalty & trustworthiness

Reluctant to share info about themselves out of fear that it’ll be used against them

Misinterprets innocent remarks or behaviours as threats

Holds grudges

Quick to get angry or [counter]attack people based on what they think are threats

Suspects partner of cheating

+ Must not be part of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorder, bipolar disorders, but can be premorbid to schizophrenia

SZPD: 4 or more

Doesn’t enjoy close relationships

Almost always chooses to be alone

Asexual

Finds little pleasure in activities

Lacks close friends, other than family

Appears indifferent to praise or criticism

Flat/cold emotional expression

+ Must not be part of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorder, bipolar disorders or autism, but can be premorbid to schizophrenia

STPD: 5 or more

Ideas of reference (not delusional)

Odd beliefs or magical thinking (not delusional)

Unusual perceptions/illusions (not hallucinations)

Odd thinking & speech

Suspicion or paranoia

Inappropriate or flat emotional expression

Strange behaviour or appearance

Lacks close friends, other than family

Social anxiety & paranoia about social interactions

+ Must not be part of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorder, bipolar disorders or autism, but can be premorbid to schizophrenia

ASPD: 3 or more

Doesn’t conform to social norms esp. in regards to the law

Deceitful

Impulsive

Irritability & aggression

Reckless & disregards their & others’ safety

Irresponsible

Lacks remorse

+ Must be at least 18, have had symptoms of Conduct Disorder before 15, & not be part of schizophrenia or bipolar disorders

BPD: 5 or more

Frantically avoids abandonment

Splitting, unstable relationships

Unstable sense of self

Damaging impulsivity

Self harm & suicidal behaviour

Mood swings

Feeling empty

Intense anger

Dissociation &/or paranoia

HPD: 5 or more

Uncomfortable w/o attention

Inappropriate sexual behaviour

Mood swings

Uses appearance to get attention

Speech mimics others’, lacks detail

Dramatic

Suggestible

Overestimates intimacy

NPD: 5 or more

Grandiose sense of self

Fantasies of success, power, etc

Feels special & unique

Needs admiration

Feels entitled

Exploitative

Lacks empathy

Jealous

Arrogant

AVPD: 4 or more

Avoidance b/c of fear of criticism, disapproval, rejection

Unwilling to have relationships unless certain they’ll be liked

Restrained in relationships b/c fear of shame, humiliation

Preoccupied with fears of criticism or rejection

Restrained in social situations b/c of fear

Views self as inadequate

Reluctant to do new things out of fear of embarrassment

DPD: 5 or more

Difficulty making everyday decisions

Needs others to be responsible for major areas of life

Difficulty being assertive b/c fear of loss of support

Difficulty doing things by themselves b/c lack self-confidence

Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone

Urgently finds a new relationship when one ends

Unrealistically preoccupied w/ fears of being alone

OCPD: 4 or more

Preoccupied with details, rules etc so that the point of the activity is lost

Perfectionism that interferes with life

Workaholicism that interferes with life & relationships

Overly inflexible & hyperaware of morals, values

Things have to be done their way

Hoards money in case of future need

The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Paranoid Personality Disorder Symptoms

(PDF)

SUMMARY: This study sought to explore the relationship between childhood trauma and PPD, as well as how interpersonal trust and insecure attachment affects this relationship. The researcher assessed 143 college students using self-report measures and analyzed the data to find that higher levels of emotional abuse (but not other kinds of abuse or neglect!) were correlated with more PPD symptoms. Interpersonal trust did not affect this relationship; higher levels of attachment anxiety but not attachment avoidance did.

NOTES:

SZPD:

Withdrawing from relationships are features of both

People with SZPD are indifferent or passive to relationships

Lacking strong desires and emotions is part of SZPD, where people with AVPD are anxious and hypersensitive

People with SZPD find relationships boring, while people with AVPD find them punishing

People with AVPD often have a strong internal fantasy as an escape method

Thought processes in AVPD and SZPD can seem tangential and disconnected.

Both struggle with focusing, for different reasons: anxiety and feeling overwhelmed in AVPD, and boredom in SZPD

STPD:

Concentration problems, social anxiety, and fantasy as an escape method in AVPD are similar to eccentricism, social detachment, and low self-esteem in STPD

In AVPD, concentration issues aren’t pervasive - when alone or with a trusted person, they are able to concentrate

In STPD, eccentricity is pervasive. They are more “dramatically bizarre” and can experience psychosis, which is not a feature of AVPD

PPD:

Anxiety, fear, mistrust and fear of embarrassment or humiliation are part of both PPD and AVPD

In AVPD, they believe that the root of this fear is themselves - that they are inadequate and deserving of embarrassment

In PPD, it’s the opposite, that other people are attempting to humiliate them

Although people with PPD and AVPD are often lonely, both are reluctant to confide in others; people with AVPD are afraid it will cause embarrassment for them, while people with PPD are afraid the person will use the information against them

DPD & OCPD:

Since DPD, AVPD and OCPD are all Cluster C disorders, there is a lot of overlap, particularly in anxiety

AVPD and DPD both result in the person feeling inadequate, but their response to this feeling is different: people with DPD seek people who they can depend on, while people with AVPD avoid for fear of their negative self-view being voiced by others

People with AVPD do well on their own, while people with DPD tend to feel increasingly helpless

When faced with criticism, people with AVPD avoid the situation, while people with DPD stay and try to please

Both people with AVPD and OCPD are anxious over being criticised. People with AVPD withdraw, while people with OCPD direct their anxiety into increased preoccupation with rules, details, lists, etc

Defining Beliefs of Personality Disorders

Both dependents and borderlines fear abandonment, and histrionics fear loss of attention

People with DPD fear being alone, because without someone else they feel helpless

To try to keep someone in their life dependents become more submissive and clingy

People with HPD fear being alone, because it means a lack of attention, idealisation, a sense of being attractive and wanted

For histrionics, abandonment means both separation and that they’ve failed to be sufficiently attractive

People with AVPD need to have someone in their corner who can help them face the world, which aligns with a fear of abandonment

Borderlines react to threats of abandonment with mood swings, self harm, and angrily lashing out

People with DPD, HPD, NPD and Negativistic/Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder all idealise relationships, and people with NPD are likely to devalue those who don’t admire them anymore

DPD, HPD, NPD and Negativistic/Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder all feature unstable sense of self, especially HPD, NPD and N/PAPD

People with NPD, HPD, and Negativistic/Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder can experience mood swings

People with NPD and HPD can experience chronic feelings of emptiness

People with STPD and PPD experience paranoia and psychosis

HPD can feature dissociation

STPD and BPD are similar in their cognitive dysfunction

BPD “disorganises [cognitively]” around their relationships, while STPD is simply disorganised cognitively in general

Psychosis in BPD is more related to the outside world and relationships

Both people with BPD and HPD have mood swings and seek attention

Borderlines are feel empty, angry and lonely more easily than histrionics

Paranoia features in both BPD and PPD

People with PPD want to be left alone, while people with BPD fear it

People with PPD accuse others of attacking them, while people with BPD attack themselves

BPD and ASPD both include impulsivity

Antisocials lack remorse, and their impulsive actions are a means to an end (immediate gratification)

For borderlines, impulsivity is used to combat feelings of emptiness and worthlessness

Personality disorders and their subtypes, theorised by Millon. Note that this book was published before the DSM 5 and includes Millon's theorised personality disorders (depressive, negativistic/passive-agressive, self-defeating/masochistic, and sadistic).

What does recovery look like for people with personality disorders?

This table lists the three levels of functioning for people with personality disorders. The lowest level of functioning is disordered, where a person is "ruled" by the symptoms of their personality disorder. The second level is adequate, where a person is functioning better than they were, but are still impacted heavily by their disorder. The highest level is optimal functioning, where a person is still affected by their disorder (as they always will be), but have learnt skills to be able to use their personality traits for theirs and others' benefit.