#electronegativity

-- Carbonyl group:

-- The oxygen has two lone pairs

-- The oxygen is more electronegative than the carbon

-- The polarization arrow will show electrons being pulled toward the oxygen

-- The carbon is partially positive

-- Partially positive = δ+

-- The oxygen is partially negative

-- Partially negative = δ-

-- These symbols go by the arrow

-- The polarization makes the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones higher than hydrocarbons

-- The larger the carbonyl group, the less soluble it is in water

-- If it has more than six carbons, it is insoluble

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Introduction to organic chemistry notes

So basically, heres what you need to know for this quiz tomorrow. 

Electronegativity values are assigned values that measure the tendency of atoms and how they attract a bonded pair of electrons. 

To calculate the bond polarity of a molecule (determine if it is non polar covalent, or polar covalent) take the electronegativity values of each atom and subtract. This number will give you a decimal that lines up with the chart above, and determines whether it is nonpolar covalent or polar covalent (forget the moderately/very) 

To calculate the molecular polarity of a molecule, (determine if it is polar or non polar) it is helpful to look at the Lewis dot structure. If the structure is symmetrical (ex) H-H, then it is non polar. Lone pairs and longer formulas often signify that it is polar (asymmetrical) 

Helpful Notes:

Non polar bond 

-bonded electron shares are equal 

-EN values are from 0-0.39 

Polar Bond 

-bonded electrons are not shared equally between atoms 

-EN values from 0.4-1.7

Non Polar molecules 

-NOT attracted by electric field 

Polar Molecules

-called dipoles because they have separate regions of electron distribution within the cloud 

-attracted by electric field 

Partial Charge 

-delta represents positive charge (only polar covalent bonds!) 

-the more electronegative atom is at the negative end, while less-electro is at positive end 

-result is a dipole 

Intermolecular Forces 

-these forces relate to properties, such as hardness, boiling point, solubility, dipole, and volatility (tendency to vaporize) 

-covalent bonds are strong, but attraction between molecules are weak (aka LDF) 

a) London Dispersion Force 

    Vanderwaal Force 

   Induced Instantaneous Dipole  

-any type of force between non polar molecules (force is weak) 

      -weak force results in low melting/boiling points 

larger mass = bigger attraction and electron cloud 

larger LDF = higher boiling point