#declarative

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Imperative Programming Imperative programming describes a sequence of steps that change the program’s state. Languages like C, C++, Java, Python (to an extent), and many others support imperative programming styles.

Declarative Programming Declarative programming emphasizes expressing logic and functionalities without describing the control flow explicitly. Functional programming is a popular form of declarative programming.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Object-oriented programming (OOP) revolves around the concept of objects, which encapsulate data (attributes) and behavior (methods or functions). Common object-oriented programming languages include Java, C++, Python, Ruby, and C#.

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) aims to modularize concerns that cut across multiple parts of a software system. AspectJ is one of the most well-known AOP frameworks that extends Java with AOP capabilities.

Functional Programming Functional Programming (FP) treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and emphasizes the use of immutable data and declarative expressions. Languages like Haskell, Lisp, Erlang, and some features in languages like JavaScript, Python, and Scala support functional programming paradigms.

Reactive Programming Reactive Programming deals with asynchronous data streams and the propagation of changes. Event-driven applications, and streaming data processing applications benefit from reactive programming.

Generic Programming Generic Programming aims at creating reusable, flexible, and type-independent code by allowing algorithms and data structures to be written without specifying the types they will operate on. Generic programming is extensively used in libraries and frameworks to create data structures like lists, stacks, queues, and algorithms like sorting, searching.

König, Ekkehard & Peter Siemund. 2007. Speech act distinctions in grammar. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Volume 1: Clause Structure, vol. 1, 276–324. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619427.005.

Haré mi último intento.

Quédate.

No te vayas.

Hay cosas que quiero decir pero tengo la cabeza tan llena de palabras que no puedo ordenarlas. Y no lo sé, yo.. no lo sé. Quiero decirte tantas cosas empezando con que no puedo seguir sin ti. Y no es por dependencia, es simplemente porque yo encontré mi alguien. Te encontré. Y quizá esto no te baste para quedarte, porque quizá no soy suficiente ahora mismo.

Quizá no te inspiro a quedarte, o quizá llegó un momento en que no soy lo que necesitas o quizá simplemente te cansaste de todo esto, en general. Quizá el mundo te mostró algo de lo cual yo no puedo competir porque me patea muchísimo el trasero. Quizá es eso. Pero tengo que intentarlo, tengo que agarrarte la mano todavía y decirte estas palabras, porque no lo sé, no me rindo fácil.

Discúlpame si te lo hago difícil, es que soy impulsivo y muy intenso, cuando experimenté todo este amor creo que soy capaz de poner un armario en la puerta para que no te vayas. Tengo que intentarlo ¿Verdad? Y si no funciona, lo intenté.

"Are you okay?" His frantic hands quickly search her body for any blood or bruises. He frowns when he sees the scratches on her ivory face caused by Geneva's nails. "She scratched you."

"I will be fine Jamie."

"No. We need to get some disinfectant on them."

"Okay." She keeps her voice calm though she was seething inside, to keep him calm. Or calmer.

"I am so sorry Claire." He takes her arm and leads them to the car.

"It isn't your fault."

"No but.."

"Shhhh. She has some major issues none of which are your fault."

He sighs letting his breath out. They have reached his car and he opens the door for her. When she is safely inside, he joins her. Before starting the car he turns to look at her.

"I understand. I just hate to see you hurt."

"I really am okay."

He shakes his head and runs the back of his hand over her cheek, over the red line caused by his psycho ex.

"Jamie hear me. I have gotten worse working in the ED. This is nothing."

"Okay. Okay. So do you want to go home?"

"Yes." When his face falls she adds, "so we can finish what she interrupted."

"Oh." His face lights up and he starts the car and they head towards her house. "But first we are treating them."

"Yes sir."

When they arrive, her escorts directly into the loo. She watches with a mixture of amusement and tenderness as he gently washes her face. He then coats the scratches with antibiotic ointment.

"It will be fine now." She reassures when he realises thet the bandages won't stick.

"You are sure?"

"I am the medical professional." She says with a smile. "And you the Gailec speaker."

"Aye."

"So lad what does mo ghairde mean?"

"Ohhh ahhh."

"Your crazy ex sure didn't like you calling me that. So spill." She sits on the sink where he had sat her. She swings her legs like a child as she watches him. He was actually blushing. How sweet. Now she was determined to find out.

"Come on Jamie. I can just Google it if you won't tell me."

"I will tell ye. Just don't want to scare ye off."

"You can't." She reaches for him and guides him between her legs, "now please."

He lowers his head so they were breathing the same air. She shivers as desire floats her blood. She watches him swallow.

"It means 'my love'"

"Oh. I love you too, you know."

He smiles against her lips.

"Christ, I want you so bad." He groans.

Geoff Pullum has a good mythbusting description of sentence types on the Lingua Franca blog. 

Grammar books, and hundreds of websites out there, are appallingly confused about statements, questions, orders, and exclamations. Most of the problem lies in their failure to distinguish syntax from semantics. I want to try and sort things out a bit, and provide a little homework exercise.

Clause type is syntactic, not semantic. It shouldn’t be confused with any element of meaning or use. Standard English has four clause types (five if you treat 2a and 2b as separate), differing with respect to which words you put where:

Declarative   Characteristic use: making statements. Example: He was polite. Key syntactic properties: subject precedes auxiliary and/or predicate.

Interrogative   Characteristic use: asking questions.

Closed interrogative: for expressing questions having a fixed, finite list of answers that the form of the question suggests. Example: Was he polite? Key syntactic properties: auxiliary before subject.

Open interrogative: for expressing questions having an unbounded range of answers. Example: How polite was he? Key syntactic properties: wh-phrase at beginning of clause; auxiliary before subject if wh-phrase is not the subject of its clause.

Imperative   Characteristic use: issuing directives about desired behavior by others. Example: Be polite. Key syntactic properties: plain form of verb; subject often missing.

Exclamative   Characteristic illocutionary force: making exclamatory statements. Example: How polite he was! Key syntactic properties: wh-phrase at beginning of clause (headed by either how or what); subject before auxiliary.

Crucially, the characteristically associated meanings are only a default. Using an interrogative (e.g., What’s your name?) is the stereotypical way to express a question, but declaratives can also in effect convey questions, through a combination of literal meaning and pragmatic implication:

I want to know your name. I’m asking you to tell me your name.

Imperatives, too, can be used to convey the effect of questions:

Tell me your name. Tell me what your name is.

Even an exclamative can come pretty close to implying a question:

How I’d love to know what your name is.

Grammar books and grammar websites are particularly confused about exclamatives, which they often call “exclamatory sentences” (see the hopelessly confused page here for a random example). They imagine that any kind of sentence that might intuitively be used for exclaiming and/or ends with ‘!’ must belong, so they give examples like I can’t figure this out! (a declarative), or Out of my way! (not a clause at all).

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