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Medes
The Medes or Medians were a group of Indo-Iranian-speaking people from central Asia who migrated westwards and entered northern Iran around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. They settled in the highlands of Zagros (Zagreus in Greek) and, by the end of the 7th century BCE, founded the kingdom of Media (Mada in Old Persian).
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Did the Achaemenids have throne names?
When Ochus, the son of Artaxerxes I, ascended the throne in 424/423 BCE after defeating his brother, he adopted the name "Darius" (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁, Dārayavaʰuš). This provides the earliest evidence that Achaemenid kings assumed throne names, which might differ from their original names. These throne names served strong legitimizing purposes: Ochus, whose reign was contested, sought to convey his strength and right to rule by adopting the name of one of his most illustrious predecessors.
But were throne names assigned when a prince was designated as heir to the empire, as was the case in the Neo-Assyrian Empire? This remains uncertain. Additionally, did the practice of using throne names predate Darius II? This is possible, as several Greek sources—Herodotus and Strabo in particular—suggest that even the great Cyrus was not born with the name by which he is known.
Interestingly, some scholars argue that the name Cyrus (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁, Kūruš) is not of Indo-Iranian origin. Some suggest it might derive from Elamite, while Strabo (15.3.6) claims the name comes from a river flowing through Persis near Pasargadae. If Cyrus’s name was indeed non-Iranian, it could support the theory that "Cyrus" was a throne name, as it would make more sense if he were born with a distinct Iranian name. However, this remains a matter of debate.
NEW MAP: Europe 293: First Tetrarchy (1 March 293) https://buff.ly/34rIKv6 By 293 Carausius still held out in Britain and Diocletian had become convinced that a new system was needed to secure both the Roman Empire and the succession. In March he presided over the appointment of two Caesars (subordinates and heirs)—Galerius to serve with him in the East and Constantius to join Maximian in the West. This rule of four men—two Augusti (emperors) and two Caesars—later became known as the Tetrarchy. #thirdcentury #ancientrome #tetrarchy #diocletian #easternromanempire #europe #europeanhistory #gaul #goths #historical #historicalmap #historicalmaps #historicalplace #historie #history #historylover #ancientpersia #mapping #maps #roman #romancivilwar #romancivilwars #romanempire #romanhistory #romans #constantius #romanemperor #welovemaps #worldatlas #newmap (at Mediolanum) https://www.instagram.com/p/CPaR3iwgWob/?utm_medium=tumblr
NEW MAP: Europe 298: Galerius’ invasion of Persia (late 298) https://buff.ly/3vBvi35 After his failure at Carrhae, Galerius gathered a stronger force and returned to face the Persians in Armenia. In 298 he surprised and decisively defeated Shah Narseh near Satala, capturing his wife, harem, treasury, and much of his court. Galerius then invaded Persia itself and captured the capital Ctesiphon. The following year, at the Peace of Nisibis, Narseh agreed to cede territory to the Romans and restore the Kingdom of Armenia. It would be another four decades before the two empires would fight again. #3rdcentury #ancientrome #ancientarmenia #easternromanempire #europe #europeanhistory #galerius #historia #historias #historicalatlas #historicalmaps #diocletian #histories #history #historyfacts #historyinthemaking #historylesson #historymajor #historymaker #ancientpersia #maps #roman #sasanian #sasanid #romanempire #romanhistory #tetrarchy #romans #worldhistory #newmap (at Satala) https://www.instagram.com/p/CQQUdRwAP0G/?utm_medium=tumblr
NEW MAP: Europe 242: Gordian III’s Persian War ( summer 242) https://buff.ly/3btnyHK Pupienus and Balbinus ruled Rome for just a few months before they were assassinated by the Praetorian Guard in July 238, leaving the 13-year-old Gordian III as sole emperor. Meanwhile, Sasanian Persia continued to expand, capturing Hatra, capital of the Roman-aligned Kingdom of Araba, in 240 or 241. From Hatra, the Persians invaded the Roman Empire itself, leading Gordian to rally his troops and declare war in 242. #thirdcentury #3rdcentury #ancientrome #ancienthistory #ancientpersia #cartographer #cartography #edessa #europe #europeanhistory #goths #historic #history #historybuff #historyfacts #historymajor #historymatters #historymuseum #maps #mesopotamia #numidia #persianempire #roman #romancivilwar #romancivilwars #romanempire #romanhistory #sasanian #romans #newmap (at Hatra) https://www.instagram.com/p/CEtWPunABLz/?igshid=1wdf6vldicbkt
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NEW MAP: Europe 227: Sasanian Empire (6 April 227) https://buff.ly/3hRxGMz Buoyed by his victory at Hormozdgan, Ardashir I marched his Sasanian army northwest to seize Media, Atropatene, and Adiabene in 224–6. Brushing off repulses in Armenia and Araba—which in any case soon turned to Rome for protection—he then advanced south to conquer Babylonia and depose the last Parthian shah, Vologases VI. Having secured the ancient Parthian capital of Ctesiphon, Ardashir proclaimed himself Shah of a new Persian Empire in 227. #3rdcentury #ancienthistory #april #april6 #ancientpersia #ancient #cartographer #cartographic #cartography #persianempire #europe #europeanhistory #historicalplace #historisch #historymaker #historymuseum #historyschool #historyofiran #mesopotamia #sasanid #mapmaking #maps #romanempire #parthia #riskgame #newmap #spqr #ancientrome #parthianempire #archaeology (at Ctesiphon) https://www.instagram.com/p/CDSvX1GAZSF/?igshid=12prn68sjuran
NEW MAP: Europe 224: Battle of Hormozdgan (28 April 224) https://buff.ly/30GqcoS Elagabalus reigned for just under 4 years, until 222, when the Praetorian Guard deposed him in favor of his 14-year-old cousin Severus Alexander. The accession of Alexander, with his mother Julia Mamaea as regent, ushered in a period of peace in the Roman Empire, but in neighboring Parthia trouble was brewing, as Ardashir I and his rebel Sasanians exploited the civil war between Artabanus IV and Vologases VI to annex Elymais and Characene. Determined to crush Ardashir, Artabanus marched south in 224, only to be defeated and killed at the Battle of Hormozdgan. #3rdcentury #ancient #ancientpersia #ancientrome #carta #characene #europe #europeanhistory #historian #historical #historicalplace #historybuff #historyclass #historyfacts #historylover #historylovers #instahistory #persia #sasanian #maps #parthia #phoenicia #roman #romanempire #romanhistory #romans #sasanid #worldatlas #worldhistory #newmap (at Ramhormoz) https://www.instagram.com/p/CDBKNUDgEFU/?igshid=sdhuxbflvtii
NEW MAP: Europe 216: Caracalla’s Parthian Campaign (summer 216) https://buff.ly/2W6EvBt Following his Germanic War, Caracalla headed east to campaign against Parthia, now splintered between Shah Vologases VI, the usurper Artabanus IV, and the insurgent Sasanians. After Vologases agreed to cede political refugees to him and Artabanus agreed—or refused, sources vary—to give him his daughter in marriage, Caracalla attacked Artabanus and seized the city of Arbela, the proposed site of the wedding. #3rdcentury #ancientrome #ancient #ancienthistory #europe #europeanhistory #spqr #historian #historical #history #historybuff #historygram #parthianempire #instahistory #ancientpersia #map #mapmaking #maps #parthia #roman #romanempire #romanhistory #romanlegion #severan #romans #caracalla #strategy #vandals #worldhistory #newmap (at Erbil-Kurdistan) https://www.instagram.com/p/CCdHL5AAn4X/?igshid=7kbefm22dooe
