why are we here? just to buffer?

The law demands that we atone When we take things we do not own But leaves the lords and ladies fine Who takes things that are yours and mine.

The poor and wretched don’t escape If they conspire the law to break; This must be so but they endure Those who conspire to make the law.

The law locks up the man or woman Who steals the goose from off the common And geese will still a common lack Till they go and steal it back.

Enclosure wasn’t the result of a single Act of Parliament, it had been going on since ~1200, and little by little it grew worse, as the landlords became more powerful and the peasants did not.

The right to use the commons - lands, on a lord’s estate, where people could enter and forage for themselves, fish, herd, gather wood etc - was taken very seriously, and was often necessary for the peasants’ survival. Enclosure was basically the privatisation of a previously communal resource. It was landlords putting up hedges and digging ditches around common lands, and saying “nope, you can’t enter any more; IT’S ALL MINE, and if you pick a berry it’s now THEFT”, either because an Act of Parliament allowed them to do that (remember that Parliament was comprised of landlords…), or just because they could. In the tug-of-war between King and Parliament, the law occasionally attempted to limit enclosure… and generally failed.

And every time commons were taken away, by law or by force, at any point from the 13th to the ~19th century, you had misery and suffering, because people were unable to sustain themselves. And then of course you had unrest, you had masses of destitute vagrants and/or pissed off outlaws, you had riots and armed revolts, again and again.

For example, when Kett’s Rebellion erupted in Norfolk in 1549, this “Rebel’s Complaint” was issued:

“The pride of great men is now intolerable, but our condition miserable. These abound in delights; and compassed with the fullness of all things, and consumed with vain pleasures, thirst only after gain, inflamed with the burning delights of their desires. But ourselves, almost killed with labour and watching, do nothing all our life long but sweat, mourn, hunger, and thirst. […]

The common pastures left by our predecessors for our relief and our children are taken away. The lands which in the memory of our fathers were common, those are ditched and hedged in and made several [“severals” were hedged plots of privately controlled land]; the pastures are enclosed, and we shut out. […]

We can no longer bear so much, so great, and so cruel injury; neither can we with quiet minds behold so great covetousness, excess, and pride of the nobility. We will rather take arms, and mix Heaven and earth together, than endure so great cruelty. […] We will rend down the hedges, fill up ditches, and make a way for every man into the common pasture. Finally, we will lay all even with the ground, which they, no less wickedly than cruelly and covetously, have enclosed. […]

We desire liberty, and an indifferent (or equal) use of all things. This will we have. Otherwise these tumults and our lives shall only be ended together.”

In the 17th century, enclosure was becoming rampant again, now with the full support of the law, and even more trouble was caused by disafforestation - the sale of royal forests (which were not necessarily woodland, mind you, they were just called that way, and at that point they included common lands), to new owners who enclosed them as soon as they got their hands on them. More suffering, more indignation, more unrest, more revolts.

This website has a bunch of download links for IPA Unicode keyboards. The small, technical-looking words can be daunting but if you read the descriptions of the links in the section for your computer you can find what you need to download pretty easily.

You end up being able to type the IPA as easily as other keyboards

What I usually do is pull the keyboard up on the screen to see what characters I’m pressing

This is what it ends up looking like. You can move it anywhere on the screen and make it whatever size you want. The key you press lights up. The orange legs show what you can press to show more symbols.

It has literally everything I’ve ever needed. I hope this helped!

the "milkman" is a common figure in stories depicting a woman's infidelity and adulterous affair.

this implies that the ability to provide milk would both decrease the likelihood of a man abandoning his wife and children, as it would eliminate the need for leaving to get milk AND would secure that man's marriage, as his wife would have no need to seek milk from an extraneous source.

therefore, all men should produce milk, through various means such as:

- being a cow

- being an almond

- being a woman

- being a coconut

- being in the omegaverse

- being an oat

(list is exemplary and not finite)

5. out

4. guilty

3. wanting

2. lacking

On the one hand we would not want to endorse naive anti-scientism which allows the reduction of science to power to lead us to an opposition to scientific inquiry. We can simultaneously hold the scientific method as a human accomplishment which results from certain formulations of power/material economic social structures and recognize that scientific inquiry can give historically contingent insights into our relationship to materiality.

Because pockets are not a natural right.

Because the great majority of women do not want pockets. If they did they would have them.

Because whenever women have had pockets they have not used them.

Because women are required to carry enough things as it is, without the additional burden of pockets.

Because it would make dissension between husband and wife as to whose pockets were to be filled.

Because it would destroy man's chivalry toward woman, if he did not have to carry all her things in his pockets.

Because men are men, and women are women. We must not fly in the face of nature.

Because pockets have been used by men to carry tobacco, pipes, whiskey flasks, chewing gum and compromising letters. We see no reason to suppose that women would use them more wisely. /end transcript]

—

 This insulated environment of racial protection builds white expectations for racial comfort while at the same time lowering the ability to tolerate racial stress, leading to what I refer to as White Fragility. White Fragility is a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves. These moves include the outward display of emotions such as anger, fear, and guilt, and behaviors such as argumentation, silence, and leaving the stress-inducing situation. These behaviors, in turn, function to reinstate white racial equilibrium.

Read the rest here  !!

White Fragility by Robin DiAngelo