uralangs

Over-enthusiastic polyglots, field linguistics etc. can help create resources from which the community might re-learn their language.

Seguir leyendo

You can see at a glance why they are called the Saami languages and not dialects. Clearly related, but still very different.

Singing traditions of Seto people

Since there is a lunar eclipse tonight, I thought I’d make a short vocab list about the Moon. :) hold - moon égitest - celestial body holdfázis - moon phase újhold - new moon telihold, holdtölte - full moon vérhold - blood moon holdfogyatkozás - lunar eclipse árnyék - shadow Rayleigh-szórás - Rayleigh-scattering távcső, teleszkóp - telescope árapály - tide (the phenomenon itself) dagály - high tide apály - low tide gravitáció - gravity gravitációs erő - gravitational force keringeni - to orbit eltakarni - to cover elhaladni - to pass megakadályozni - to prevent elérni - to reach visszaverődni - to be reflected árnyékot vetni - to cast a shadow megfigyelni - to observe megvizsgálni - to examine mintát venni - to sample légkör - atmosphere felszín - surface kráter - crater kőzet - rock (material) hegy - mountain völgy - valley folyékony víz - liquid water jég - ice jégsapka - ice cap holdjáró - lunar vehicle űrhajós, asztronauta - astronaut

parsa | sparžu | asparagus parsakaali | sparžukapustu | broccoli kukkakaali | kukkukapustu | cauliflower ruusukaali | rouzukapustu | brussels sprouts kaalikeitto | kapustukeitto | cabbage soup kaalikääryle | kapustukiäryle | cabbage roll kaalilaatikko | kapustupastos | cabbage casserole papu | pabu | bean herne | herneh | pea ahven | ahven | perch (Perca fluviatilis) särki | särgi | roach (Rutilus rutilus) säyne ~ säynävä | säyny ~ jäzi | ide (Leuciscus idus) hauki | haugi | pike made ~ matikka | majeh ~ matikku | burbot muikku | mujeh ~ riäpöi | vendace (Coregonus albula) lohi | lohi | salmon peruna | kartohku | potato ruohosipuli | heinylaukku | chives selleri | selderi | cellery kurkku | ogurču | cucumber mesimarja ~ mesikka | or’hoi ~ mezimarju | arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus) lakka ~ hilla | šl’uboi | cloudberry (ripe) muurain | muur’oi | cloudberry (non-ripe) mustikka | must’oi | bilberry ~ european blueberry puolukka | buolu | lingonberry karpalo | garbalo | cranberry keittää | keittiä | to boil paistaa | žuarie, pastuo | to fry; to cook (in an oven) halstrata ~ hiillostaa | pastau hiiloksel | to cook/grill (on a gridiron) over embers

dá – tässä – here |adverb luohkká – mäki(; luokka) – hill(; class) |noun dállu – talo – house |noun lohku – luku – count; “era” (1800-lohku – the 1800’s) |noun áigi – aika – time |noun šleađga – sähkö – electricity |noun televišuvdna – television – TV |noun gávpi – kauppa – a store |noun spánnja – sanko – a bucket |noun suohkkobuvssat – sukkahousut – tights |noun diŋga – esine – item guovdu – keskellä – in the middle of |postposition eallit – elää – to live |verb eallin – elämä – life |noun dán áigge – nykyisin – at the present (period of) time |adverb bearaš – perhe – family |noun isit – isäntä, aviomies – husband, “the man of the house”* |noun eamit – emäntä, vaimo – wife* |noun áhkku – isoäiti – grandmother |noun áddjá – isoisä – grandfather |noun mánná – lapis – child |noun reaŋga – renki – farmhand |noun biiga – piika – maid (works at a farm) |noun ássat – asua – to live |verb moadde – muutama – a few |pronoun/numeral** mánnu – kuu, kuukausi – month, moon |noun jahki – vuosi – year |noun galget – täytyä, pitää (itsestä lähtöisin) – to need/have to (innate) |verb vuorru – vuoro – turn |noun máŋggalágan – monenlainen – various (kinds) |adjective ealli – eläin – animal visti – rakennus – building |noun hukset – rakentaa – to build |verb birra – ympäri – around |adverb šillju – piha – yard |noun ráfehuhttit – tehdä rauhattomaksi, häiritä – to disturb, to bother, to break peace |verb láibi – leipä – bread |noun mielki – maito – milk |noun oastit – ostaa – to buy |verb oažžut – saada, löytyä – to get, to find |verb seamma láhkai – samoin, samalla tavalla, niin ikään – just like, in the same way (as) |adverb bivttas – vaate – a piece of clothing |noun bargoneauvvu – työkalu – tool |noun eará – muu |pronoun dárbbašit – tarvita – to need |verb olmmoš – ihminen – a person, a human |noun iešbirgejeaddji – omavarainen – self-sufficient, self-supporting, independent |adjective vuolgit – lähteä, mennä – to leave, to go |verb geahččat – katsoa – to look (at something) |verb dáhpáhuvvat – tapahtua – to happen |verb * these are words that will be obvious to Finnish speakers but which are a little hard to translate to English. “Eammit” is a word for “wife” but it’s also used in the same sense as “talon emäntä” which is like… “the woman of the house”, the woman in charge (in a historical context). “Isäntä” is the same but for a man. They can also be translated as “host/ess”. **due to morphological reasons moadde is usually considered a numeral even though it’s not a number of any kind

For example: “mun ledjen jeđđen”, “son lei oidnon”, “doai leidde huhttán”.

Personal endings in preterite (the preterite marker -i- and the j’s in parenthesis to remind you of them) 1st p. sing. -(ji)n 2nd p. sing. -(ji)t 3rd p. sing. -(i) (no ending) 1st p. dual -(i)me 2nd p. dual -(i)de 3rd p. dual -(i)ga 1st p. plr. -(i)met 2nd p. plr. -(i)det 3rd p. plr. -(j)edje for example (vowel changes in bold; I won’t translate these, sorry): “moai jeđđiime”, “don liikojit”, “mii čohkkáimet”, “dat gullui”, “sii huhttájedje” Negative conjugations negative verb in the right person + past participle of the main verb The past participle is the vowel stem + n (looks the same as the present tense first person singular) for example: in/it/ii/… jeđđen/liikon/čohkkán/gullon/huhttán

- present tense of contracted verb Contracted verbs - have an even amount of syllables in the basic form - end in -át, -et or -ot - don’t have diphthong reductions - nor consonant gradation - the stem vowel (idk what to call it in English but that’s a direct translation of the term used in Finnish; it’s the stem final vowel) doesn’t change in the present tense (like it does in even verbs) - have two stems: the vowel stem (jeđđe-) and the consonant stem which ends in -j- (jeđđej-); the consonant stem is used with personal endings that begin with a vowel (in the present tense). Personal endings (I will mark the j in parenthesis in front of the endings that use the consonant stem) 1st p. sing. -n 2nd p. sing. -t 3rd p. sing. - (no ending) 1st p. dual -(j)etne 2nd p. dual -beahtti 3rd p. dual -ba 1st p. plr. -t 2nd p. plr. -behtet 3rd p. plr -(j)it For example: “mun ferten” - “I need to (do something)”, “sii čohkkájit” - “they sit” Negative conjugation Negative verb in the right personal form + connegative of the main verb The vowel stem is also the connegative of the contracted verbs. For example: in/it/ii/… jeđđe/čohkká/láve

Again, I think these two are so easy and fast to learn (there isn’t really anything new here if you’ve read all the previous posts in this series) that I’m just going to put them both in the same post. Perfect leat-verb in the present tense + past participle of the main verb Check “North Sámi Verb Conjugations 3″ for the present tense conjugations of the leat-verb and the previous post (North Sámi Verb Conjugations 6) for how to form the past participle of odd verbs. for example: “mun lean boradan” - “I have eaten” The past participle of the leat-verb is lean/leamaš. I’m not sure if there’s a difference in when to use which but I think I’ve seen “leamaš” used more often so I’d go with that. Pluperfect leat-verb in the past tense + past participle of the main verb Check “North Sámi Verb Conjugations 3″ for the past tense conjugations of the leat-verb. for example: “mun ledjen boradan” - “I had eaten” Negative conjugations Perfect: negative verb (in the right personal form) + leat + past participle of the main verb for example: in/it/ii/… leat boradan/muitalan/leamaš Pluperfect: negative verb (in the right personal form) + lean + past participle of the main verb for example: in/it/ii/… lean boradan/muitalan/leamaš

- preterite of odd verbs If you haven’t read my previous post please go read it, it has an introduction to odd verbs. Not that this is a complicated topic. You form the preterite by adding (the preterite) personal endings to the word stem. Personal endings in the preterite 1st p. sing. -in 2nd p. sing. -it 3rd p. sing. -ii 1st p. dual -eimme 2nd p. dual -eidde 3rd p. dual -eigga 1st p. plr. -eimmet 2nd p. plr. -eiddet 3rd p. plr. -edje so for example: “mun ipmirdin” - “I understood” Negative conjugation Negative verb in the right personal form + past participle of the main verb You get the past participle by adding -an to the end of the stem (looks just like the present tense first person singular!). For example: muitalit -> in/in/ii/… muitalan, ipmirdit -> in/it/ii/… ipmirdan

- present tense of odd verbs Odd verbs are verbs that have an uneven amount of syllables in their basic form. They all end in -it. They don’t have consonant gradation, diphthong reductions of the same kind of vowel changes that even verbs do. Sounds easy enough, right? The stem of odd verbs is the infinitive (the basic form) minus the final -it. So for example the stem of váccašit (’to walk around’ more or less) is váccaš-.  Personal endings 1st p. sing.  -an 2nd p. sing. -at 3rd p. sing. -a 1st p. dual -etne 2nd p. dual -eahppi 3rd p. dual -eaba 1st p. plr. -it 2nd p. plr. -ehpet 3rd p. plr. -it for example: “mun ipmirdit” - “I understand” Negative conjugation Like with even verbs you get the negative by adding the connegative of the main verb after the negative verb. Check previous post for the conjugation of the negative verb in all the persons. You get the connegative form of odd verbs by removing the -it from the end. Additionally you need to remember that a verb can’t end in d, h or a consonant cluster. Stem final d/h turns into t and the last letter(s but really there shouldn’t be more than two of them there) of consonant clusters is dropped (so that there will only be one consonant at the end). for example: muitalit -> in/it/ii/… muital, ipmirdit -> in/it/ii/… ipmir, libaidit -> in/it/ii/… libait

- the negative of even verbs (in all tenses) In all tenses it’s the negative verb (in, it, ii…) that conjugates according to person; the tense affects either the main verb (present tense and preterite) or the leat-verb (perfect and pluperfect). Present tense Negative verb + the connegative of the main verb. For example: “mun in dieđe” - “I don’t know” How to conjugate the negative verb 1st p. sing. in 2nd p. sing. it 3rd p. sing. ii 1st p. dual ean 2nd p. dual eahppi 3rd p. dual eaba 1st p. plr. eat 2nd p. plr. ehpet 3rd p. plr. eai How to form the connegative of the main verb Weak grade stem, no ending, i -> e, u -> o (a stays the same) for example: viega, dieđe, oaččo Preterite Negative verb + the past participle of the main verb For example: “mun in diehtán” - “I didn’t know” Recap of the past perfect: strong grade stem; u -> o (+diphtong reduction), i -> á; +n Perfect Negative verb + leat + past participle of the main verb for example: “mun in leat diehtán” - “I haven’t known” Pluperfect Negative verb + lean + past participle of the main verb for example: “mun in lean diahtán” - “I hadn’t known”