Human Physiology

Table of Contents IntroductionComponents of the Limbic SystemHistologyConnectionsFunctions Introduction The limbic system is derived from the word ‘Limbus’, meaning a ring. The word limbic was first used to describe the border structures around the basal region of the cerebrum. Now the limbic system describes the entire neuronal circuitry that controls emotional, behavioral, and motivational…

Introduction The uterus is a hollow muscular organ situated in the female pelvis. It is a pear-shaped (Pyriform) organ that lies between the urinary bladder in front and the rectum behind. The uterus is usually anteflexed and anteverted. The word uterus is derived from Latin uterus or womb. The uterus is a hormone-sensitive female sex organ that contains muscles and glands in the…

Introduction The tongue is a highly vascular voluntary organ present in the mouth. The tongue is a voluntary structure composed of voluntary skeletal muscle. Structure of the TongueMuscles of the TongueExtrinsic musclesIntrinsic musclesNerve SupplyBlood supply:Arterial blood supplyVenous DrainageLymphaticsFunctions:Applied Structure of the Tongue The root of the tongue is present in the…

Introduction The neuroendocrine reflex integrates two systems of the body that are responsible for maintaining homeostasis. The two systems are the nervous and endocrine systems. They affect each other through both negative and positive feedback mechanisms to regulate the body’s overall functions. The internal and external stimuli stimulate them. Table of Contents Parts of the neuroendocrine…

Introduction There are two Kidneys. Kidneys are located retroperitoneal in the upper dorsal region of the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column. The kidney is a vital organ that performs numerous functions, including the excretion of metabolic waste, maintaining homeostatic balance, regulating body fluid volume, controlling electrolyte concentration in body fluids, and…

In this article, we will explore anatomy, which encompasses various aspects of the human body and life sciences. My mission is to provide trustworthy, recent health information to the general public, patients, and professionals worldwide. Table of contents IntroductionThe historyWho conducted the first systematic, documented human dissection?The PresentThe Future:Why study…

Introduction: Cardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped out from each ventricle in one minute. Cardiac output is an essential parameter in hemodynamics, the study of blood flow. Its importance is globally accepted. In this article, you will get a definition of cardiac output, standard range, and more. Table of contents: What do you mean by cardiac output?What is the Normal Range of Cardiac…

This article describes physiology, with a special focus on human physiology and its various branches. Here, learn about the past, present, future, and scope of physiology. In short, physiology refers to the study of living organisms. My mission is to provide trustworthy, recent health information to the general public, patients, and professionals globally. Introduction: Physiology refers to…

This article discusses different aspects of bile and bile salts. The role of bile and bile salts in digestion and human physiology is discussed. Here, learn about the bile, the site of synthesis, functions, and more This article is part of my mission to provide trustworthy, recent health information to support the general public, patients, and professionals worldwide. Here, you will find topics…

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. The amount of total body calcium ranges from 1100 to 1200 g, out of which 99% is present in the skeleton, and the remaining 1% is in the tissue and body fluids. In extracellular fluid (ECF), 22 mmol/L is present, of which 9 mmol/L is present in the plasma. Approximately 10 mmol is exchanged between the bone and the ECF daily. The free…

Introduction:  The gut-brain axis is the biochemical signaling between the GIT and the CNS. This complex communication system ensures the proper maintenance of gastrointestinal homeostasis and has multiple effects on motivation and higher cognitive functions.  The gut-brain axis is also used to refer to the role of the gut flora in this axis; the microbiota-gut-brain axis may be a more accurate…

In this article, Intercellular Communication is described in terms of chemical messengers. This article will explain what the First messenger or ligand is, the Second messenger, the mode of action, and much more. Table of contents Introduction Ligands or First messengers Second messengers The first step of intercellular communication i The second step is transduction, Phospholipase C …

         Gastrin: A Gastrointestinal Hormone Gastrointestinal hormones are biologically active polypeptides secreted from the endocrine cells of the GIT mucosa. These hormones enter the portal circulation, then flow into the systemic circulation, and finally reach the target tissue. Some gastrointestinal hormones also function as paracrine and autocrine hormones to regulate gastrointestinal (GI)…