#polygyny

Because there are two things that definitely existed. We know of hunter-gatherer societies and other small-scale societies that have highly unstructured relationship structures, where you talk about every man in the village being a father to every child in the village or whatever.

But those aren't states, in the sense where we draw distinctions between states and less-hierarchically-organized non-state polities. E.g. ACOUP gives the definition

“a society with marked social stratification, with a centralized and internally specialized government capable of extending bureaucratic control out into a settlement hierarchy” consisting of multiple (at least usually three; center, regional centers and subordinate communities below them) tiers.

And then we have plenty of states that have normalized polygyny, in the sense that powerful men will have multiple wives (or wives plus formally acknowledged concubines). In this sequence of posts I was curious how Greece, Rome, and Europe developed the norm of formal official monogamy even for the most elite men, since as far as I know most state systems have not had that expectation—though of course in no society has the typical man ever had multiple wives, because counting.

But I can't think of any state system where there was any sort of formally accepted institution of a woman taking multiple male partners. Which would make sense since I don't think I know of any pre-modern states that weren't fundamentally patriarchal. (Again, a lot of anthropology on some small-scale nonpatriarchal polities but I don't know of any actual states that formed nonpatriarchally.)

One thing that's inexplicably on my mind right now is that East Asian royal families were generally historically polygamous, so if you wanted to have Azula or Zuko or King Kuei or some other Fire Nation or Earth Kingdom royal or noble take multiple partners, that would actually be reasonably historically accurate. It seems like the Fire Nation royalty has avoided polygamy in recent decades (or you would expect the royal family to be much, much bigger), but isn't the point at the end of the series that they are supposed to return to old ways?

Interestingly, some of this applies to the Water Tribes as well. Although I don't know nearly as much about this subject as I know about East Asian royalty and I don't want to say anything too confidentially, I know some Inuit groups sometimes practiced polygamy. I also know that some groups sometimes practiced "spouse exchanges" where two couples would temporarily exchange spouses in order to create fictive kinship between them. Although the SWT is not identical to historical Inuit groups and the NWT in particular seems very, very different with it's city and state, I think you could definitely justify polyamory being in the tradition of both Water Tribes.

While the Earth Kingdom, the Fire Nation, and the Water Tribes might have traditions of polygyny (where one man marries multiple women), the Air Nomads might have a very different traditions. They are inspired at least in part by Tibetan Buddhism, and Tibet has it's own traditions of plural marriage. Historically, the most common type was fraternal polyandry, in which two or more brothers would take the same wife. However, apparently polygyny, conjoint marriages, and of course monogamous marriages were also historically acceptable in Tibetan society. Of course, there were specific economic reasons why fraternal polyandry made sense in Tibet, which might not apply to the Air Nomads and we really don't get a sense of how their marriages and family life might look like, but it's another reminder not to force their culture into "Western marriage norms, circa 2007."

triple baka but theyre actually bakas (except for starscream) and males :

whenever i delude myself with demolishor (ironhide) x cyclonus (sandstorm) x starscream i constantly giggle cuz APPARENTLY ?!?! i always think of starscream as a third wheeler + hes occasionally feels awkward cuz he doesnt understand what is even happening between himself and them and hes kinda sexually oblivious of their flirting

megatronsama x overly loyal subordinate x overly loyal subordinate's reckless and chaotic malewifei gues:

ok normally as the leader of brainwashing people to believe that the armada decepticons are a dysfunctional poly i usually think that this poly is abit like a triangle ship except megatronsama and cyclonus are the girls that are fighting over the guy and the guy is demolishor (yeah sherlock jeni) AND DEMOLISHORS CONSTANTLY EMOTIONALLY CONFUSED CUZ THEYRE (probably) TRYING TO COME UP WITH FLIRTS THAT ARE BETTER THAN EACH OTHER AND MEGATRONSAMA AND CYCLONUS ENDS UP HAVING A SMALL QUARREL then they get back together healthy yyaaayyy

i maybe should start writing a fic w 1 of those ships (i have dozens of other ships that i invented but im doubting whether i should write it tiktok traumatised me)

another useless chunk of info except i get confused with types of poly (optional to read) :

megatron : polyandrous, polygamous, pansexual (maybe), omnisexual

demolishor : polyamorus, polygynyous, gay

cyclonus : polyamorus, polygynyous, gay

Polygyny is the marriage of a man to multiple women, though it takes many forms throughout history and the world. There have been, and still are, many reasons for polygyny, as well as customs surrounding the practice, and it was far more widespread than polyandry. Studies of mitochondrial DNA suggest that 'there have been more mothers than fathers in the genetic record of the human species, meaning that the proportion of females that have reproduced each generation has generally been greater than the proportion of men that reproduced', suggesting that polygyny was widespread in the past.

In cultures where agricultural labor is primarily done by women, having multiple wives allows for a larger workforce without the expense of paying for labor through not only the wives but also their children, as well as allowing women to perform other tasks deemed 'women's work' by the society. Another factor contributing to polygyny could be the high rate of child mortality, up to 50% before the age of 5 in the past. By increasing the number of children that could be produced that were legitimately part of the household, it was possible to ensure that the household would grow, increasing the workforce of the household and its prestige through wealth production.

In cultures where a dowry was expected for a bride, it was, and still is, common for only the more well off men would be able to afford to marry, thus allowing them to marry more women than those who were poorer, a form of polygyny known as resource polygyny. Polygyny was, and is, more common in cultures that were also engaged in war more frequently, leaving fewer men to marry as the women did not participate in war, and allowing the survivors to marry more than one woman. As men who survive war tend to have more wealth, this is also related to resource polygyny.

Thailand's Muslim marriage system represents a unique intersection of Islamic religious principles and Thai civil law, creating a dual framework that couples must navigate carefully. With approximately 5% of Thailand's population professing Islam—concentrated heavily in the southern border provinces—the country has developed sophisticated legal accommodations that allow Muslims to marry according to Sharia while ensuring state recognition for civil purposes . This comprehensive guide explains the legal foundations, procedural requirements, regional variations, and practical considerations for Muslim marriage in Thailand.

The Dual Legal Framework: Understanding Two Parallel Systems

Muslim marriage in Thailand operates across two distinct but interconnected legal tracks. The first is the religious ceremony—the nikāḥ—which satisfies Islamic requirements through offer, acceptance, mahr (dower), and witnesses . The second is civil recognition, which determines the marriage's legal effects for immigration, property, inheritance, and children's status .

Thailand generally regulates marriage under the Civil and Commercial Code (CCC), which applies to all citizens regardless of religion . However, the Act on the Application of Islamic Law in Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala, and Satun B.E. 2489 (1946) created a special statutory accommodation allowing Islamic law to govern marriage, divorce, maintenance, and inheritance for Muslims residing in these four southern provinces . This creates a pluralistic legal system where national law applies throughout the country except in these areas, where Islamic family law may supersede the CCC in specified matters .

The Southern Provinces Regime: Where Islamic Law Holds Greater Force

In Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, and parts of Songkhla, Islamic family procedures are administered through local Islamic committees and religious courts with stronger legal force than elsewhere in Thailand . Muslims in these provinces—who comprise 60-80% of the population and are ethnically, culturally, and linguistically Malay—have no recourse to Thai civil courts in disputes relating to marriage, divorce, and inheritance, but must rely on the Islamic courts .

Eight dato yutitham (Islamic judges), two in each of the four provinces, handle an annual caseload of family and inheritance disputes, applying the Code of Muslim Family Law and Law of Inheritance, 1941 . This code provides a substantive Sharia-based framework based primarily on the Shafi'i school of law, though it has incorporated views from other schools over time .

For couples living outside these provinces, the route is typically religious nikāḥ → Central Islamic Council (CIC) or Provincial Islamic Committee certification → amphur (district office) registration for civil-law recognition .

Religious Requirements of a Valid Nikāḥ

Under Islamic law, a valid Muslim marriage requires several essential elements. The ceremony must include a clear offer and acceptance (ijab and qabul) between the bride and groom, expressed verbally in the presence of witnesses . For the bride, a wali (legal guardian) typically participates in the ceremony, especially if she has not previously been married .

At least two adult Muslim witnesses are generally required to validate the marriage . The groom must provide mahr (dower)—a mandatory gift or financial commitment to the bride, with the amount and form agreed upon prior to the ceremony . An imam or authorized religious official conducts the ceremony and prepares documentation certifying that the nikāḥ was performed according to Islamic law .

Civil Registration: Securing Legal Recognition

While the religious ceremony establishes Islamic validity, civil registration is necessary for full legal recognition under Thai law . A nikāḥ that is not registered will not automatically create the legal status of "spouse" for civil-law purposes such as inheritance, tax, social security, immigration sponsorship, or property transactions .

For most couples, the safe course is to both perform the nikāḥ and secure formal registration through one or both of: a Central Islamic Council or Provincial Islamic Committee certificate (recording the nikāḥ within the Islamic infrastructure), and/or civil registration at the district office (amphur) to create the record that immigration officers, banks, and the Land Department typically expect .

Best practice requires planning the religious ceremony while concurrently confirming with the officiating imam and the local CIC/provincial committee whether they will lodge an official certificate and whether couples must separately register at the amphur for civil-law use .

Documentation Requirements for Thai Muslims

For Thai Muslim couples, the documentation process is relatively straightforward. Both parties need their national ID cards and house registration documents (tabien baan) . If either party has been previously married, they must provide divorce certificates or death certificates as applicable . The imam or Islamic committee will typically handle the religious certification, after which couples may register at the amphur if they desire civil recognition.

Special Requirements for Foreign Nationals

Foreign Muslims marrying in Thailand face additional procedural steps that require significant advance planning. The essential documents include passports (originals plus copies), and a Certificate of No Impediment (CNI) or single-status affidavit from the foreign partner's embassy .

The CNI process typically requires 4-8 weeks lead time. For Singaporeans, for example, they must present themselves in person at the Singapore Embassy in Bangkok to obtain certified true copies of their Marriage Search Result from the Registry of Marriages or Registry of Muslim Marriages, along with their passport . The fee is THB 120 per certified true copy, with processing taking half a working day .

If previously married, foreign nationals must furnish original or certified true copies of final judgment of divorce or death certificate of late spouse, showing previous marriage has been legally dissolved .

After obtaining embassy documents, the sequence continues with certified translation into Thai by translators experienced in legal instruments, followed by apostille (if the issuing country is a Hague member) or consular legalization via the issuing country's foreign ministry and the Royal Thai Embassy/Consulate . Finally, Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs legalization may be required where requested by the receiving Thai office .

The Singapore Embassy advises that after obtaining certified true copies, couples must have them translated to Thai and legalized by the Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which may take up to 3 working days . Thereafter, they can register their marriage at any district office in the presence of two witnesses and a Thai interpreter .

The Registration Process Step by Step

The practical sequence for a Muslim marriage involving foreign nationals typically follows this timeline. Eight to four weeks before the ceremony, couples should obtain the embassy CNI and arrange translations and legalization . Four to two weeks before, they should confirm the imam, CIC/provincial committee appointment, witnesses, and amphur bookings if civil registration is intended .

On the wedding day, they hold the nikāḥ, obtain the CIC/provincial certificate, and register at the amphur if required . In the weeks following, they submit copies to Immigration, banks, and the Land Office as needed for visa applications, name changes, and property transfers .

Polygyny: Religious Permission Versus Civil Recognition

One of the most complex aspects of Muslim marriage in Thailand involves polygyny. Islam permits polygyny under certain religious conditions, but Thai civil law generally recognizes monogamy in marriage registration systems .

In the southern provinces where Islamic family law has procedural standing, polygynous unions may be processed within the local Islamic framework . However, outside the south, civil registration of a second marriage can be problematic. Civil-law protections—property rights, social security records, inheritance treatment—may not attach equally to subsequent wives, and registering a second marriage with national civil authorities can trigger legal and administrative issues .

For civil-law purposes elsewhere in Thailand, only the first marriage is likely to be registered and recognized by state registrars; subsequent religious unions that are not civilly registered will not create the same legal status under ordinary Thai civil law . If polygyny is contemplated, couples should obtain locality-specific legal advice about registration, property consequences, and how children's status will be recognized .

Divorce, Custody, and Maintenance

Islamic law recognizes various forms of divorce, including talaq, khulʿ, and judicial divorce . In the southern provinces, Islamic courts or authorities handle divorce proceedings according to Sharia principles . However, if a couple's marriage was also civilly registered, a Thai civil or family court may have concurrent jurisdiction over ancillary matters such as custody, maintenance, and division of property .

Research on the Code of Muslim Family Law and Law of Inheritance, 1941, reveals that while the law of talaq embodied in the code is generally in line with classical Islamic law of the Shafi'i school, there are provisions that could be amended and reviewed to improve the existing framework . The code addresses divorce by talaq, ta'liq, faskh, and khul', providing a comprehensive Islamic framework within Thailand's legal system .

Practical wisdom suggests obtaining both religious documentation and civil confirmation or court orders if parties want enforceable custody or financial orders outside religious circles . For couples outside the southern provinces, religious divorce should be followed by civil steps—registration of the divorce—if they want the termination recognized for civil-law purposes, preventing continued spousal obligations in the civil register .

Property and Inheritance Implications

Islamic law does not recognize community property in the same way as Thai civil law . Property ownership is generally separate unless otherwise agreed, based on individual ownership principles . If marriage is registered under Thai law, marital property rules under the Civil and Commercial Code apply unless Islamic law provisions are invoked in recognized provinces . Thai law distinguishes between personal property and marital property (sin somros) acquired during marriage; without a prenuptial agreement, marital assets are typically shared equally upon divorce .

For inheritance, Muslims in the designated southern provinces follow Islamic inheritance rules, which allocate fixed shares to heirs according to Sharia principles . This differs significantly from Thai succession law under the CCC. For Muslims outside those provinces, inheritance disputes may raise complex conflict-of-law issues . Coordination between Islamic and civil inheritance systems may require court involvement .

Immigration and Practical Consequences

Why does registration matter so profoundly? A nikāḥ that is registered with CIC/provincial authorities and/or the amphur provides the documentary evidence that immigration, banks, land offices, and schools expect . Without civil recognition, spouse visa applications may be delayed or refused; property and inheritance arrangements can be complicated; and issuing passports for children and registering children's civil status may be obstructed .

Marriage to a Thai Muslim citizen may support marriage visa applications, long-term residency extensions, and dependent visa status . However, immigration authorities require valid civil registration documentation—religious ceremonies alone are insufficient for visa sponsorship .

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Several recurring issues create legal complications for Muslim couples in Thailand. Relying on an informal religious ceremony without registering leaves couples without civil recognition . Delaying consular paperwork creates last-minute crises; couples should start CNI and legalization 6-8 weeks ahead . Inconsistent name transliteration across passports, nikāḥ certificates, and amphur records causes identification problems; couples should choose and use one Thai spelling consistently . Assuming polygyny has uniform legal effect nationwide leads to surprises; obtaining locality-specific legal advice is essential .

Practical Checklist for Couples

Before the wedding, couples should confirm whether they will register with CIC/provincial committee and/or amphur; obtain embassy certificate of no impediment early; secure certified translations and legalizations; prepare two independent witnesses with IDs; agree on Thai spelling of foreign names and use it consistently; and keep original and multiple certified copies of all certificates .

Conclusion

Muslim marriage in Thailand represents a sophisticated interaction between Islamic religious principles and Thai civil law . The country has developed legal accommodations that respect religious diversity while maintaining an overarching civil framework . For Muslim couples, understanding when and how Islamic law applies—and when civil law requirements must also be satisfied—is essential to securing marital rights, property interests, and family protections .

In southern provinces where Islamic family law applies, additional procedural considerations arise, particularly concerning divorce, inheritance, and polygamy . Outside those regions, civil law governs marital consequences more uniformly .

Proper registration, jurisdictional awareness, and informed legal planning are key to ensuring that Muslim marriages in Thailand are both religiously valid and legally effective . With careful preparation and professional guidance where needed, couples can navigate the dual framework successfully and establish marriages that are recognized and protected under both Islamic and Thai law.