#forebrain

After 'freezing' in fear, what part of the brain helps make fish swim again?

The brain is the body's mission control center, sending messages to the other organs about how to respond to various external and internal stimuli. Located in the forebrain, the habenular region is one such message-conducting system. Two new papers from Carnegie scientists explain how the habenulae develop and their unsuspected role in recovering from fear.

Found in all vertebrates, the bilaterally paired habenulae regulate the transmission of dopamine and serotonin, two important chemicals related to motor control, mood, and learning.

Previous research has shown that the habenular system is involved in modulating sleep cycles, anxiety, and pain and reward processing, among other things. It has also been associated with depression and addiction.

New work from Carnegie's Erik Duboué and Marnie Halpern, assisted by Kiara Eldred, a Johns Hopkins graduate student, and Elim Hong, now a group leader in Neuroscience at the Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, focused on the action of the habenular region in regulating fear responses in larval zebrafish.

It turns out that the habenulae differ between the left and right sides of the fish brain, both in their structure and when it comes to experiencing and recovering from fear. A mild electric shock makes zebrafish larvae "freeze" in fear, just like a deer in headlights. After this occurs, neurons in the left habenula are needed for a rapid return to swimming activity, according to the team's findings, published by Current Biology.

Erik R. Duboué, Elim Hong, Kiara C. Eldred, Marnie E. Halpern. Left Habenular Activity Attenuates Fear Responses in Larval Zebrafish. Current Biology, 2017; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.017

The brainstem and forebrain are distinct but connected major regions of the brain with different structures and functions: Brainstem: The brainstem connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum. It has three parts in descending order: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem controls vital life functions such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and…

A great many people put a considerable measure of vitality into remaining fit as a fiddle. What amount of time and exertion do you put into keeping your cerebrum fit as a fiddle? It isn't troublesome, and it may not, in any case, take as a lot of vitality as that kickboxing heart stimulating exercise class you pursued. Ensure you have an incredible personality driving your extraordinary body with these straightforward tips. 

Fish for the Win

A few reviews propose that individuals who eat the most fish have lower paces of despondency. The Omega-3s in salmon, herring, mackerel, and even fish improve your learning capacity, lower circulatory strain, upgrade invulnerable capacity and improve joint pain indications. The American Heart Association currently suggests that you eat two servings or a greater amount of fish seven days.

Appreciate a Drink

Here's one you can raise a toast to Coffee, tea, and even moderate admission of liquor are altogether associated with expanded mind wellbeing and execution. It isn't known for certain whether the advantages are associated with cancer prevention agents or different elements, however, 1 to 3 cups a day seems to prompt a diminished danger of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's malady also.

Get Your Beauty Rest

Getting a decent night's rest resembles hitting an incredible huge "Recharge!" button for your cerebrum. On the off chance that lone we had one of those catches for the remainder of our lives, correct? During rest, your psychological vitality is reestablished, and aptitudes like arranging, critical thinking, and adapting all become simpler.

Take Your Brain for a Walk

A portion of our psychological keenness can be lost by just not thinking carefully. Keep your brain on its toes by messing around, learning another dialect, perusing, composing, or evaluating another rationally testing undertaking that excites your advantage. Use it or lose it!

Also, Take the Dog for a Walk, Too

Physical action will affect your mind just as your dress size. Exercise builds the oxygen stream to your mind, improves course, secures against dementia, produces endorphins (the body's normal torment relievers) and has energizer properties also. Uplifting news for your body and your mind!

The forebrain synaptic transcriptome is organized by clocks but its proteome is driven by sleep

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Sleep-wake cycles at mouse synapses

Analysis of the transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome at synapses in the mouse brain during daily sleep-wake cycles reveals large dynamic changes (see the Perspective by Cirelli and Tononi). Noya et al.found that almost 70% of transcripts showed changes in abundance during daily circadian cycles. Transcripts and proteins associated with synaptic…

Diencephalon

Epithalamus

habenula deals w olfactory functions

pineal gland deals w seasonal rhythms and produces melatonin [that lovely little sleep hormone i cry about not having when my insomnia flares it's fugly head]).  

Thalamus: sensory relay center.

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) relays auditory info

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relays visual info

Ventrolateral nucleus relays info from cerebellum to motor cortex.

Hypothalamus: detects need states (hunger), controls the autonomic nervous system, and controls pituitary hormone production and release. 

The suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates circadian rhythm

Pituitary gland: controls glands (anterior lobe) and releases hormones (posterior lobe)

The Telencephalon (end brain) consists of three parts:

1.  Limbic system

Amygdala:  fear, aggression, anger (Batman is angry at all the criminals and cleans the streets of Gotham.)

Cingulate gyrus:  control of emotional behavior, unpleasantness of pain (Batman is distracted by his manpain)

Hippocampus:  plays an essential role in memory processes (Batman gets flashbacks of his parents dying)

2.  Basal ganglia:  play a major role in initiating and integrating  voluntary movements, maintaining posture and muscle tone.  Also learning and choosing appropriate motor or behavioral “programs.”  

Caudate nucleus

Putamen (like man whores)

Globus pallidus

Together, the caudate nucleus and putamen form the shape of a shark! but no, it forms the corpus striatum. 

Fucking up the basal ganglia can lead to parkinsonian symptoms 

3. Cerebral cortex:  The "shriveled-up awesomeness that makes us human." (legit, that is my prof's words)

But really. That pruny looking crap that is the outside of out brain processes sensory info, controls thinking, decision making, stores and retrieves memory, and initiates motor responses.

If you've taken any high school psych class, they like to focus on these four lobes of the cortex. The F-POT.

Frontal:  Houses the motor cortex. The prefrontal cortex controls complex intellectual functioning such as planning and sequencing of behavior. prefrontal cortex has a lot to do with who you are, be it an awesome bro or a douche. See Phineas Gage.

Parietal: Controls somatosensory; analyses sensory info and spatial perception.

Temporal: Includes the primary auditory cortex, a visual area and language centers.