Geometry and symmetry in plants.
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@spherical-harmonics
Geometry and symmetry in plants.
See the full thread here

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The BBC want you to indulge your inner chemist - and to help out, theyâve put together this great interactive video to help investigate how different elements react with each other: bbc.in/1FXH6Li
âthe pattern of human population growth in the twentieth century was more bacterial than primate. when homo sapiens passed the six billion mark we had already exceeded by as much as a hundred times the biomass of any large animal species that ever existed on land. we and the rest of life can not afford another hundred years like that. â â edward o. wilson
around ten thousand years ago, there were maybe five million people on earth. two thousand years ago, there were probably two hundred million. today, there are over seven billion people, which is almost a billion more than there were just over a decade ago. and in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas for the first time.
these photos were taken by chris hadfield while commander of the international space station, showing, in order: amman, istanbul, brussels, cairo, manila, london, delhi, boston, beijing, and guadalajara. (bonus unrelated fun fact: chris was about an inch and a half taller in space than on earth.)
Bismuth

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Bismuth for disc0âlemonade Sources: https://www.etsy.com/shop/BismuthGuy, https://www.etsy.com/shop/TheCreationCoop, http://www.ebay.com/usr/affordableminerals,  http://www.ebay.com/usr/eigenca, http://www.ebay.com/usr/whereonearth, http://www.ebay.com/usr/bowers998,
Boy: I want to be a derivative so I can be tangent to your curves ;)
Girl: I'm the Weierstrass function.
The Most Beautiful Mathematical Equations. 1. General Relativity The equation above was formulated by Einstein as part of his groundbreaking general theory of relativity in 1915. The theory revolutionized how scientists understood gravity by describing the force as a warping of the fabric of space and time. The right-hand side of this equation describes the energy contents of our universe (including the âdark energyâ that propels the current cosmic acceleration). The left-hand side describes the geometry of space-time. The equality reflects the fact that in Einsteinâs general relativity, mass and energy determine the geometry, and concomitantly the curvature, which is a manifestation of what we call gravity. 2. Standard Model This equation describes the collection of fundamental particles currently thought to make up our universe. It has successfully described all elementary particles and forces that weâve observed in the laboratory to date - except gravity, including recently discovered Higgs boson and phi in the formula. It is fully self-consistent with quantum mechanics and special relativity. 3. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus This equation forms the backbone of the mathematical method known as calculus, and links its two main ideas, the concept of the integral and the concept of the derivative. It allows us to determine the net change over an interval based on the rate of change over the entire interval. The seeds of calculus began in ancient times, but much of it was put together in the 17th century by Isaac Newton, who used calculus to describe the motions of the planets around the sun. 4. 1 = 0.999999999âŚ. This simple equation states that the quantity 0.999 followed by an infinite string of nines is equivalent to one, and is made by mathematician Steven Strogatz of Cornell University. Many people donât believe it could be true. Itâs also beautifully balanced. The left side represents the beginning of mathematics; the right side represents the mysteries of infinity. 5. Special Relativity Einstein makes the list again with his formulas for special relativity, which describes how time and space arenât absolute concepts, but rather are relative depending on the speed of the observer. It shows how time dilates, or slows down, the faster a person is moving in any direction. 6. Eulerâs Equation This simple formula encapsulates something pure about the nature of spheres. It says that if you cut the surface of a sphere up into faces, edges and vertices, and let F be the number of faces, E the number of edges and V the number of vertices, you will always get V â E + F = 2. So, for example, take a tetrahedron, consisting of four triangles, six edges and four vertices. If you blew hard into a tetrahedron with flexible faces, you could round it off into a sphere, so in that sense, a sphere can be cut into four faces, six edges and four vertices. And we see that V â E + F = 2. Same holds for a pyramid with five faces - four triangular, and one square - eight edges and five vertices, and any other combination of faces, edges and vertices. The combinatorics of the vertices, edges and faces is capturing something very fundamental about the shape of a sphere. 7. EulerâLagrange Equations and Noetherâs Theorem In this equation, L stands for the Lagrangian, which is a measure of energy in a physical system, such as springs, or levers or fundamental particles. Solving this equation tells you how the system will evolve with time. A spinoff of the Lagrangian equation is called Noetherâs theorem. Informally, the theorem is that if your system has a symmetry, then there is a corresponding conservation law. For example, the idea that the fundamental laws of physics are the same today as tomorrow (time symmetry) implies that energy is conserved. The idea that the laws of physics are the same here as they are in outer space implies that momentum is conserved. 8. The Callan-Symanzik Equation Basic physics tells us that the gravitational force, and the electrical force, between two objects is proportional to the inverse of the distance between them squared. However, tiny quantum fluctuations can slightly alter a forceâs dependence on distance, which has dramatic consequences for the strong nuclear force. What the Callan-Symanzik equation does is relate this dramatic and difficult-to-calculate effect, important when the distance is roughly the size of a proton, to more subtle but easier-to-calculate effects that can be measured when the distance is much smaller than a proton. 9. The Minimal Surface Equation The minimal surface equation somehow encodes the beautiful soap films that form on wire boundaries when you dip them in soapy water. The fact that the equation is ânonlinear,â involving powers and products of derivatives, is the coded mathematical hint for the surprising behavior of soap films.Â
Van Horn JD, Irimia A, Torgerson CM, Chambers MC, Kikinis R, et al. (2012) Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037454
 (left) A rendering of the Gage skull with the best fit rod trajectory and example fiber pathways in the left hemisphere intersected by the rod. (right) A view of the interior of the Gage skull showing the extent of fiber pathways intersected by the tamping iron in a sample subject (i.e. one having minimal spatial deformation to the Gage skull).

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Did Neurons Evolve Twice?
Comb jellies are ancient marine predators whose comb-like cilia refract light as they swim. Biologists are intrigued by their highly unusual nervous systems.
When Leonid Moroz, a neuroscientist at the Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, Fla., first began studying comb jellies, he was puzzled. He knew the primitive sea creatures had nerve cells â responsible, among other things, for orchestrating the darting of their tentacles and the beat of their iridescent cilia. But those neurons appeared to be invisible. The dyes that scientists typically use to stain and study those cells simply didnât work. The comb jelliesâ neural anatomy was like nothing else he had ever encountered.
After years of study, he thinks he knows why. According to traditional evolutionary biology, neurons evolved just once, hundreds of millions of years ago, likely after sea sponges branched off the evolutionary tree. But Moroz thinks it happened twice â once in ancestors of comb jellies, which split off at around the same time as sea sponges, and once in the animals that gave rise to jellyfish and all subsequent animals, including us. He cites as evidence the fact that comb jellies have a relatively alien neural system, employing different chemicals and architecture from our own. âWhen we look at the genome and other information, we see not only different grammar but a different alphabet,â Moroz said.
When Moroz proposed his theory, evolutionary biologists were skeptical. Neurons are the most complex cell type in existence, critics argued, capable of capturing information, making computations and executing decisions. Because they are so complicated, they are unlikely to have evolved twice.
But new support for Morozâs idea comes from recent genetic work suggesting that comb jellies are ancient â the first group to branch off the animal family tree. If true, that would bolster the chance that they evolved neurons on their own.
The debate has generated intense interest among evolutionary biologists. Morozâs work does not only call into question the origins of the brain and the evolutionary history of animals. It also challenges the deeply entrenched idea that evolution progresses steadily forward, building up complexity over time.
The First Split
Somewhere in the neighborhood of 540 million years ago, the ocean was poised for an explosion of animal life. The common ancestor of all animals roamed the seas, ready to diversify into the rich panoply of fauna we see today.
Scientists have long assumed that sponges were the first to branch off the main trunk of the animal family tree. Theyâre one of the simplest classes of animals, lacking specialized structures, such as nerves or a digestive system. Most rely on the ambient flow of water to collect food and remove waste.
Later, as is generally believed, the rest of the animal lineage split into comb jellies, also known as ctenophores (pronounced TEN-oh-fours); cnidarians (jellyfish, corals and anemones); very simple multicellular animals called placozoa; and eventually bilaterians, the branch that led to insects, humans and everything in between.
But sorting out the exact order in which the early animal branches split has been a notoriously thorny problem. We have little sense of what animals looked like so many millions of years ago because their soft bodies left little tangible evidence in rocks. âThe fossil record is spotty,â said Linda Holland, an evolutionary biologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.
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3D Printed Prosthetics Can Turn A Person Into A Sci-Fi God
William Root has come up with an amazing way of using 3-D printing technology. He developed a system to make prosthesis that arenât about hiding difference.
Instead, they focus on, well, making you look totally bad ass. http://bit.ly/1swg4Lk
The future for augmented humans: âIn five years youâll see exoskeletons on the building siteâ
From paraplegics able to stand up from a wheelchair and walk again to workmen carrying heavy loads, robotics-enhanced humans are no longer just science fiction
Full Story: The Guardian
Man Successfully Controls 2 Prosthetic Arms With Just His Thoughts
Les Baugh is the first bilateral shoulder-level amputee to wear two Modular Prosthetic Limbs at once, according to the researchers.Â
For more on the incredible science behind this prosthetic innovation go here.Â
(GIF Source:Â JHU Applied Physics Laboratory)
Scales
This is because Fahrenheit is based on a brine scale and the human body. The scale is basically how cold does it have to be to freeze saltwater (zero Fahrenheit) to what temperature is the human body (100-ish Fahrenheit, although now we know thatâs not exactly accurate). Fahrenheit was designed around humans. Celsius and Kelvin are designed around the natural world. Celsius is a scale based on water. Zero is when water freezes, 100 is when water boils. Kelvin uses the same scale as Celsius (one degree, as a unit, is the same between the two), but defines zero as absolute zero, which is basically the temperature at which atoms literally stop doing that spinning thing. Nothing can exist below zero Kelvin. Itâs the bottom of the scale. So. Fahrenheit: what temperatures affect humans Celsius: what temperatures affect water Kelvin: what temperatures affect atoms
Why didnât my science teachers ever see fit to toss off this little fact?
Well that explains a lot, jesus.

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This man is CĂŠdric Villani. He was born in 1973 in Brive, France.
He received the Fields Medal in 2010 â a prize given to influent mathematicians under age 40 â as well as Elon Lindenstrauss, NgĂ´ Bảo Châu and Stanislav Smirnov.
Let me tell you why this man is awesome.
This guy is a professor of maths in the University of Lyons-1.
He heads the Henri PoincarĂŠ Institute, which is an important research center in mathematics.
He works on many complicated (and therefore awesome) things like the optimal transportation theory, or the behaviour of gases.
He aired a series of short radio programmes in which he explains math facts, as well as the concrete consequences of mathematics in our daily lives.
He always wears a spider-shaped brooch, as well as an ascot tie. Always.
He was nicknamed, and sometimes nicknames himself, as âthe Lady Gaga of mathsâ (because of his look).
He has such a sweet voice!
One day, he traveled by train to go to a folk rock concert. He bought a ticket to go there, but he forgot to buy the return ticket â so he had to hitchhike to go back home!
He criticizes the way maths are taught in schools, as well as the way math teachers are prepared.
He wishes that maths were taught in entertaining ways, rather than boring ways.
HE BELIEVES IN MATHS. NUFF SAID.
Photo by Espace des sciences [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons.
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