This will come in handy for several of you as you move into your second assignment: a tutorial on how to answer research questions using GSS data -- with a cameo by Columbia's own Andrew Gelman.

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@socworld
This will come in handy for several of you as you move into your second assignment: a tutorial on how to answer research questions using GSS data -- with a cameo by Columbia's own Andrew Gelman.

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Interlude: Machines and Animals
Big Ideas (don't get any) from James Houston on Vimeo.
You might skip to the 1:12 mark.
The strength of weak ties, animated edition. From Dalton Conley.
Lecture Notes: The four types of basic-level metaphor
As laid out in Lakoff and Johnson:
Orientational - Having to do with location in space, deriving from physical experience (example: "Sad is down, happy is up." "The week is ahead of or behind us").
Ontological - Having to do with a state of being; personification or metonymy, using a part or characteristic to represent a whole (example: "his greed made him do it." "The White House made a statement." "Blue jeans are frowned upon").
Substance - An immaterial thing as a material substance (example: "There was lots of good running in the race." "I don't expect there to be cheating in this class."
Container - When something is seen as having boundaries that can hold something else (example: "The ship is coming into view." "I'm out of shape.")
The etymology of suicide:
Gradually replacing more overtly judgemental epithets such as āself-murderā, āsuicideā became a familiar word in England in the later eighteenth century. Perhaps the availability of a neutral form of language influenced how people thought about voluntary death; there is a relic of the older way of describing it in current references to āself-harmā. It is sometimes argued that apparently more tolerant and sympathetic attitudes to suicide, as to other infractions of the moral law, developed in the eighteenth century as the result of a progressive secularization. But religious as well as civil sanctions against the act persisted, in Britain and in the American colonies ā only in Pennsylvania was voluntary death not criminalized ā and those official sanctions are not incompatible with sympathy.
Frey Johnston. "Suicide Watch." The Times Literary Supplement, Jan 16, 2013.

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The four types of social pollution, according to Mary Douglas
The first is danger pressing on external boundaries; the second, danger from transgressing the internal lines of the system; the third, danger in the margins of the lines. The fourth is danger from internal contradiction, when some of the basic postulates are denied by other basic postulates, so that at certain points the system seems to be at war with itself.
Douglas, Mary. 2002. Purity and Danger. New York: Routledge. P 152
Interlude: Purity and Danger
Quantitative & qualitiative approaches to gun violence research
Levitt and Dubner, at Freakonomics Radio, take a quantitative approach...
While This American Life takes a more qualitative tack, embedding its reporters in a Chicago high school where gun violence is a fact of daily life:
Who shot Alexander Hamilton in their famous duel?
It is the goal of this study to describe the manner in which such 'inequalities imposed on children' become manifest within an urban ghetto school and the resultant differential educational experience for children from dissimilar social-class backgrounds.
Rist, RC. (1970) "Student Social Class and Teacher Expectations: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Ghetto Education." Harvard Educational Review 40:3, 411-451

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Richard D. Kahlenberg. "How Much Do You Pay for College?" The Chronicle Review, Feb 11, 2013.
James Baldwin on education and socialization
James Baldwin: "Living and Growing in a White World." Recorded by KQED at Castlemont High School, Oakland, CA, broadcast June 23, 1963.
Gender segregation and its effects on the narrowing of the audiences to which we play are not limited to childhood. The social supports for gender segregation -- in work and other institutions -- are lifelong. Their effects extend into the organization of gender and of sexuality in later life.
Thorne, B., & Luria, Z. (1986). Sexuality and gender in children's daily worlds. Social Problems, 33(3), 176-190
What are social scientists good for?
Branching off from our discussion in lecture on the perils of biological reductionism, political scientist John Sides makes a compelling argument for the importance of social science:
My problem with this laser focus on the hard sciences and on medicine is that it pretends that peopleās quality of life simply depends on physical phenomenaāhow fast computers are or how much their knee hurts and so on. Ā Thatās simply not true.Ā Much of peopleās happinessāindeed, including whether they have access to computers or can endure a physical maladyādepends on social phenomena.Ā If I wanted to turn the tables, it wouldnāt be hard to find research in medicine and the āhardā sciences that seems much further removed from peopleās daily livesāand their actual happiness living those livesāthan is much social science.
Interlude: The Looking-Glass Self
The Velvet Underground. "I'll Be Your Mirror." The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967).

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In a very large and interesting class of cases the social reference takes the form of a somewhat definite imagination of how one's self--that is any idea he appropriates--appears in a particular mind, and the kind of self-feeling one has is determined by the attitude toward this attributed to that other mind. A social self of this sort might be called the reflected or looking-glass self. ... As we see our face, figure, and dress in the glass, and are interested in them because they are ours, and pleased or otherwise with them according as they do or do not answer to what we should like them to be; so in imagination we perceive in another's mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are variously affected by it.
Cooley, C. (1902). Human Nature and the Social Order. Charles Scribner's Sons
Socialization: Feral children and animal communities
The plasticity and variance of human behavior cannot be explained by genetics alone -- we must also consider socialization, a process through which individuals are taught (and teach) how to behave as members of social groups. Both genes and socialization together are necessary to explain what it means to be human, but neither alone are sufficient.
The filmmaker Werner Herzog returns again and again to this question of what makes us human, and in two films he interrogates the idea from opposing angles that we discussed in lecture: what happens when a child is raised without social interaction with humans ("The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser," based on the true story of a German boy who, in the early 19th century, was raised in complete isolation until he escaped and rejoined society), and what happens when humans try to live in social groups with animals ("Grizzly Man," a documentary cut together from footage shot by Timothy Treadwell, a nature enthusiast who lived among Alaskan grizzlies in the wild until he was attacked and eaten by them). Amazingly, "Kaspar Hauser" is available in full online, below. "Grizzly Man" is streaming on Netflix.