The Flight of the Enola Gay
Although there were seven aircraft on the mission, only three were there to see Little Boy's drop. #91, unnamed at the time, carried scientific observers. The Great Artiste was staffed by engineers and dropped instrumentation by parachute. The Enola Gay carried the bomb "Little Boy" to the primary target of Hiroshima.
The pilot Col. Tibbets had named this last aircraft after his mother, Enola Gay Tibbets. He was vaguely aware of how strange it was for his mother's namesake to be pregnant with death but more consciously proud that he flew her name for his country. Navy Capt. Parsons was on board as the head of the Los Alamos science team and an active participant in the bomb's drop.
Parsons had seen plenty of overloaded B-29 bombers crash on takeoff and opted to arm Little Boy after successfully reaching 5000 feet altitude.
In the briefing where he informed the crew of the Enola Gay of this procedure, Col. Tibbets raised his hand and asked, "What is Little Boy, captain?"
"I don't have any Alamogordo test footage," Parsons said. "I can't show you the ordnance in action. If you've read over the flight plan, you'll see that deployment of the bomb and scientific instruments will occur simultaneously, followed by a steep, immediate bank away from the blast site. I was there for the test. It's big gentlemen. Very big."
"Are we in any danger?" asked Marquet, the pilot of #91.
"We estimate receding 8 to 10 miles before the detonation. #91 will be on approach at roughly the same distance in order to snap photographs, film--whatever records you can get. We'll be safe, but we'll feel it."
"What can we expect?" asked Maj. Charles Sweeney, pilot of The Great Artiste.
"A single detonation will do more damage than an entire flight of standard bombers. The rest... we're not sure. This is new to all of us. I can tell you it's big and it's bright, like staring into the sun. We've brought smoked glasses for protection."
Captain Parsons never used the word atom or atomic. He never explained the fission of plutonium. For the purposes of this mission, it was to be described and treated as a very large bomb and little else.
The only thing to bother Col. Tibbets was Parsons's conclusion to the briefing.
"If all goes according to plan," Parsons said, "these could be the missions that end the war. Do your very best tomorrow. Lives depend on it."
It bothered Tibbets because he'd met Japanese POWs in Okinawa. He'd seen their fire; when convinced of their ultimate failure, they didn't concede defeat. They committed suicide. Stories were circling about a soldier shoving his head through the bars of his cell and throwing his body to snap his neck. He'd never heard of any American mustering the same level of fanatic dedication.
Though he'd never consciously voiced his concern, Tibbets couldn't imagine the Japanese people ever surrendering. He couldn't imagine a bomb or two changing the course of this war. The Battle of Okinawa had been named the Typhoon of Steel for a reason, and Tibbets believed that it was only a precursor to the nightmare that would be Operation Downfall--the invasion of the mainland.
An hour after the first briefing, at midnight, Parsons gave a final pre-flight review. A little later, three weather planes were launched to scout the primary target, Hiroshima, the secondary target Kokura, and the alternate target Nagasaki. Preflight checks, fueling, and preparations were held.
At 2:45 in the morning, the Enola Gay took off. 15,000 pounds overburdened, the entire hull creaked and the engines whined. Tibbets squeezed the fourth throttle in his hand, as if holding the lever tight would hold the plane together.
Under audible strain, the bomber reached an altitude of 5000 feet and remained steady on a course to Iwo Jima. At this altitude, it was still safe for a man to stand in the bomb bay. Parsons and his assistant Morris Jeppson descended to the home of Little Boy and began the arming procedure.
Parsons stayed in contact with Tibbets via intercom. "Insertion of green plugs."
"Green plugs," Tibbets confirmed.
"Insertion of firing trigger," Parsons said.
Parsons was doing the work. Jeppson was holding a flashlight. The arming procedure was safe. The green plugs would actively prevent the closure of the arming circuit. The bomb couldn't prematurely detonate.
"Opening rear plate." There was a long delay. "Removing rear armor plate as well."
Tibbets could hear the gentle clang of thick metal on the bomb bay floor. "Armor plate," he confirmed over the intercom. His navigator was relaying coded messages to General Farrell about the progress of arming Little Boy.
"Opening cannon breech. Unscrewing." The trigger mechanism needed a firing primer. "Inserting cordite charges. One. Two. Three. That's four, Tibbets."
"Cordite inserted," Tibbets confirmed.
"Reassembling. Plugging breech. Replacing armor plating."
A few minutes passed during the slow reassembly. Tibbets listened closely to the scraping of bolts while the copilot kept the bomber level.
"Little Boy is armed. I repeat, Little Boy is armed. Firing mechanism will be prepared after the insertion of the red plugs. We are current with green plugs. Green."
Parsons and Jeppson left the bomb bay and returned to the belly of the superfortress. Their job was to monitor the bomb through electronic measures. A flashing light would confirm its status. Slow flash was safe. Fast flash was preparing for detonation at specific altitude.
Tibbets held level for two hours. There wasn't much conversation. Each man sweated into his flight gear, staring out dark windows at a dark ocean. At 5:30, a message came through. They were approaching Iwo Jima and were directed to ascend to ten thousand feet. Over twenty minutes, Tibbets complied, and the exhausted crew felt their empty, aching bellies tip back against their spines.
Some of them sipped water, but nobody had brought any food to eat. Very little was imbibed. Nobody would use the bathroom over the course of the mission. Everyone had evacuated before the flight with military efficiency.
Over Iwo Jima, the Enola Gay rendezvoused with #91 and The Great Artiste. The flight was set in formation, and they made for Japan almost three hours away.
Just before dawn, Jeppson descended into the frigid, low-pressure bomb bay and performed the only remaining step. He swapped the green plugs for red, closing the circuit on the bomb's internal batteries. He relayed to Parsons that the bomb was ready. Parsons relayed to Tibbets. Despite the emptiness of his bladder, Tibbets felt a lightness in his groin like he needed to piss.
He hadn't felt this way in years. He was anxious.
Jeppson sealed the bomb bay and they began their final ascent to bombing altitude. It would take nearly an hour and a half, but there was plenty of time over the empty Phillipine Sea. Tibbets spoke with his copilot and navigator--truthfully, he talked at them. "I hope this ends the war," he said.
The other two hadn't arrived on Okinawa until after the battle. They had no point of reference for Tibbets's worried voice. Tibbets eventually turned away from the subject and told them about his mother. She was proud of him, he said. He didn't say what was on his mind. He hoped she would be proud of him tomorrow.
The weather plane radioed that Hiroshima was clear with little cloud coverage. A course was laid for the industrial city.
There was no resistance from Japan. Fuel and fighters were expensive, and three bombers represented little conventional threat. Air raid sirens were rung, then rapidly silenced. The Japanese defense logged the Enola Gay as a recon flight. Nobody manned the antiaircraft guns. No flak burst in the morning sky.
At 9:12, Tibbets turned on the intercom. "Three minutes to bombing run. We've been instructed at this point in the flight to ready our safety glasses. This includes you Ferrebee. In one minute, I will be turning control of the plane to you."
The bombardier, Ferrebee, rogered Tibbets's orders. At 9:13, he took control of the flight. His target was a factory near the center of the city.
At 9:14, the one minute tone began to play. It was relayed to the other two bombers of the flight. If anyone in Hiroshima received the signal, it didn't matter. It was too late to respond. It was too late to do anything.
At 9:15, Ferrebee opened the bomb bay, and Little Boy tumbled away, deploying its parachute in seconds. "Returning flight control," he said, as the bomb bay doors closed. "Shut and locked."
"Instrumentation dropped," informed bombardier of The Great Artiste.
"Hold tight," Tibbets yelled. The B-29 began to shriek as they tilted into a 155 degree turn. His navigator barked out the rapid changes in heading. They could feel their stomachs rising, their gorges rising as the plane dipped and shuddered. Then their intestines dropped, and they were thrown back into their seats by the force of the irregular motion.
Their instructions were clear. They had little more than a minute to put ten miles between them and ground zero. The hairpin turn ended with the Enola Gay's engines thrumming their escape.
"Glasses!" Tibbets shouted. Quickly, they donned their dark goggles. Anyone without a job rose to find a window. Tibbets remained in his seat, his hands pained by his grip on the wheel.
Navigator Caron was taking gunner Paulson's seat at the top of the flying fortress. "I don't want to die," Paulson was saying.
"If it'll kill me, it'll kill me lookin' at it," Caron said.
"Everybody brace," Parsons yelled into the intercom.
The bomb dropped a little below 2000 feet. The trigger mechanism directed a split second ballet of coordinated explosions. A supercritical mass of plutonium smashed together, collapsing and compressing, almost liquid at this velocity. A mere 1.7% of it decayed in a chain of exchanged neutrons. A mere fraction of the mass.
The flash of light refracted through the fore canopy of the B-29 was blinding. "Holy God!" Tibbets yelled. The intercom was still open.
"Holy God!" echoed every man who witnessed the atomic bomb.
"One bomb," came Parsons from the aft windows, thin as a ghost.
"I can see the shockwave," Caron said.
"What's that?" Tibbets yelled back, forgetting the intercom even existed.
"I can see the shockwave!" Caron shouted. He dropped down into the chair and tightened his straps. "Eyes out of the glass," he said.
The explosion thumped the entire plane like a drum, playing a single note of force on its hollow belly. The air folded past the canopy, visibly distorting the clouds. The Enola Gay rose a couple of feet, then shuddered violently on a dreadful wind, worse than flying the superfortress into the heart of a typhoon. The thunder was deafening even through the skin of the craft. It was the death knell of thousands.
As suddenly as it'd begun, the air settled.
"Holy God," Tibbets was saying, "Holy God."
The air thundered again--an echo of the detonation reflected off the surface of the world. "Holy God."
They continued to put distance between them and the ruins of Hiroshima.
"Look," Parsons told everyone on the intercom. "You can see the cloud."
After the co-pilot came back to his seat, Col. Tibbets took his turn to go aft and observe the child of his mother's name, Enola Gay. The sky was empty around them, all clouds cleared away but one. The mushroom cloud reached high into the stratosphere, an ever growing fungal blossom of ash feeding on the earth below it, raining fine dust from the edges of the cap like spores.
"Holy God," Tibbets said. "Holy God."
#91 took pictures of the ruin. By tomorrow, they'd be bombing Japan with leaflets describing the momentary monument to the many dead. Hiroshima had vanished in a flash. Nobody communicated from it or near it. The Japanese would have to discover the city's death by recon alone.
When #91 landed, their crew christened their bomber the Necessary Evil.
It was a better name, Tibbets thought, than the Enola Gay. A much better name.