Maple Syrup Runs Through My Veins

Measles (Rubeola) 麻疹 病理、症状、诊断、预防与病理 | Osmosis

What is measles? Measles is an extremely contagious infectious disease that’s caused by the measles virus. This video covers the pathophysiology of measles, important clinical signs and symptoms, as well as treatment and prevention.

麻疹，是未有麻疹疫苗时，一种好发在儿童身上的传染病，但成人也有一定可能感染。儿童常见的急性病毒是由麻疹病毒引起。此症典型的体征及症状包括四天的发烧，及出现咳嗽、鼻炎以及结膜炎的症状（其英文为cough、coryza及conjunctivitis，也简称为三C），伴随着发烧及红疹。 

vaccination 接种

rubeola 红疹 = measles

rubella 风疹 = German measles - not measles - three-day measles - an infection csdby rubella virus, oft mild with half of people not realizg infectd - rash may start around 2 weeks after exposure and last for 3 days.

measles virus Species - 麻疹病毒；cause of measles；air-bourne

air-bourne 空气传播方式

Morbilivirus Genus - 麻疹病毒属

Paramyxoviridae Family - 副粘病毒科

get flung into air 被喷入空气中

unsuspecting person 毫无防备，不知危险临近的

epithelial cells in trachea or bronchi 气管或支气管上皮细胞

hemaglutinin, H protein 血凝素

target receptor on the host cell 宿主细胞上的靶受体 - like CD46, CD150, Nectin-4

CD46 expressed on all nucleated human cells

CD150, signaling lymphocyte activation molecules [SLAM] 信号淋巴细胞激活分子，found on immune cells ex B/T cells, antigen-presentg cells [nectin-4]

nectin-4 结合素-4，cellular adhesion molecules 细胞粘附分子

F protein fusion, ex CD46 & host cells’ target receptor

Single-stranded RNA virus 单链RNA病毒，Negative sense，负义链 - have to be transcribed by RNA polymerase into a pos-sense mRNA strand 正义mRNA链 ==> ready2 be translated into viral protein [wrapped in cell’s lipid envelope 脂质包膜]

dendritic cells 树突状细胞

alveolar macrophages 肺泡巨噬细胞

incubation period 潜伏期

prodromal period 前驱期

3C, cough, conjunctivitis [inflammation & redness of white part of eye], coryza 咳嗽、结膜炎、鼻炎（鼻塞）

enanthem /enanthema 黏膜疹

Koplik spot Koplik斑点 - commonly seen inside of cheeks oppo molars 臼齿

exanthem phase 皮疹期

blotchy 有疤的

maculopapular rash 斑丘疹

cephalocaudal 从头部到四肢

persistent cough 持续咳嗽

lifelong immunity 终生免疫力

complications of measles pneumonia, diarrhea, on rare occasions encephalitis

bacterial superinfections 细菌二重感染

otitis media 中耳炎

bacterial pneumonia 细菌性肺炎

rates of mortality 死亡率最高

SSPE, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis complications for children under 2 亚急性硬化性全脑炎 can happen 7-10 years later

mutated strain of measles virus 麻疹病毒突变株

Symptoms of SSPE initially subtle, ex mood changes, eventually severe & dramatic ex seizures, coma, if not treatd, death

Immunocompromised 免疫受损 ex people with HIV/AIDS, may not develop cn symptoms <== immune system. ex no enanthem [Koplik spots], exanthem [rash]

Diagnosis of measles via serology, look4 antibodies in blood serum, most likely2 happen in unvaccinated indvdl

Measles vaccine live attenuated virus 减毒活疫苗 - given at 12-15 months of age, again btn 4-6 years of age - 95% vaccine efficacy rate [among 100 unvaccinated people, 95 would have been prevented by vaccine]

anti-measles antibody [immunoglobulin] 抗麻疹免疫球蛋白 fetal gets transplacentally 通过胎盘 - last until 9 months of age

treatment of measles no cn anti-viral treatmt - medicax aimed at treatg superinfections, maintain good hydration with adequate fluids, pain relief - some groups given Vitamin A [in children, severely malnourished 营养不良者 immunomodulator boosts antibody response to measles & –s risk of serious complications

At Cambridge University, they were sick of checking the coffee pot level, so Quentin Stafford-Frasier wrote client software for a greyscale 128x128 camera hooked up to an acorn archemedes computer.  Paul Jardetzky wrote the server program.

gucci: on my belt

Lumberjacks, like most megafauna species generally require more space than the average hardware store, even a big box store could provide. The misconception is that Lumberjacks are a social species because of how they often work and live together.

This is a matter of necessity, not preference, and a survival technique for thriving under the LogBoss.

A “pack” of Lumberjacks, if not under the environmental pressure of a LogBoss will naturally disperse until they each have a wide territory.

Lumberjacks rarely fight for territory.

One on one, a Lumberjack could drive out a Dad or Lesbian, however the latter tend to travel in social packs.

Lumberjacks will passively retreat on the presence of large numbers of people. Kind of like Sasquatch.

Getting a “pack” of Lumberjacks assembled would be hard enough unless they were forced into a Hardware Store by a LogBoss. In that case, they would already be in a heightened and potentially agitated state far above their natural behavior. This artificial scenario can be likened to a circus animal running amok. If it had been in the wild, the incident would not have occurred.

Free-roaming Lumberjacks are the cryptids of the Hardware ecosystem. They are surprisingly quiet and unobtrusive.

VIDEO FROM THE SURFACE OF A COMET

This is truly incredible.

Details:

arapaimas

alligator gar (and most gars in general)

redtail catfish

peacock bass

lungfish

african tigerfish

payara/vampire tetras

sturgeon

arowanas

electric eels

stingrays

unless you live in an area where one of those fish is native and you can build a suitable pond; or you own a tank that exceeds 10,000 gallons and have the abilities and funds to maintain it; you have no business owning anything on that list.

it’s not elitist. it’s not some PETA-approved tree hugger nonsense. it’s just common sense. fish like arowanas, peacock bass, sturgeon, and redtail cats? big, strong, active fish that need more than a swimming pool to be comfortable. payaras, gars, lungfish, electric eels, and african tigerfish are large and dangerous. stingrays are delicate fish that require an insane amount of space.

yes, there are some serious fishkeepers who can house fish that size, but they’re few and far between. a proper redtail catfish enclosure would cost you more than a high-end Mercedes just to set up. if you’re willing to dedicate that much time and money to a fish, then you’re not a plain hobbyist.

For more clarification, fish like the Alligator Gar that can grow to be twice as large as a 6 foot human in their natural habitat, and live for 25-50 years, (the red tailed catfish is to the right of the human)

and naturally live in places like this

should NOT be housed in pathetic tanks/pools like this

This is literally just cruel. There is no reason to keep a monster fish indoors or even in captivity at all. What benefit do you even get out of cramping a giant fish into a small container?