Histology and Embryology for pathology

Glomerulonephritis.

Glomerulonephritis (GN), also known as glomerular nephritis, is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys). Many of the diseases are characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or of the small blood vessels in the kidneys, hence the name, but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component.

As it is not strictly a single disease, its presentation depends on the specific disease entity: it may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood or protein in the urine); or as a nephrotic syndrome, a nephritic syndrome, acute kidney injury, or chronic kidney disease.

VI-VIII levels (13-18 days). The emergence of the primary node, the primitive streak, the yolk sac.

IV level (4-7 days) - V level (7-12 days): blastocyst.

Cerebrovascular Diseases.

Эпилептиформный синдром (syndromum epileptiforme) — общее название пароксизмальных расстройств (припадков), являющихся одним из проявлений органического процесса в головном мозге. Развивается при опухолях, абсцессе, туберкуломе, гумме головного мозга, нарушении мозгового кровообращения, паразитарных болезнях, менингоэнцефалитах, арахноидите, а также при последствиях перинатальных поражений головного мозга, ранних нейроинфекциях и травмах (резидуально-органический Э. с.). Возникновение Эпилептиформного синдрома свидетельствует об утяжелении основного заболевания. Особенности клинических проявлений судорожного припадка нередко отражают локализацию очага поражения в головном мозге.

Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue. The other three types are connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body.

I-III levels. Fertilization and germ cells of humans.

Part 27: Intestines.

From: Bloom’s Histology (1975).

Needle of the pine.

Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine.

The epididymis is covered by a two layered pseudostratified epithelium. The epithelium is separated by a basement membrane from the connective tissue wall which has smooth muscle cells. The major cell types in the epithelium are:

Main cells: columnar cells that, with the basal cells, form the majority of the epithelium. These cells extend from the lumen to the basal lamina, They also have non-motile stereocilia, which are long and branching in the head region and shorter in the tail region. They also secrete carnitine, sialic acid, glycoproteins, and glycerylphosphorylcholine into the lumen.

Basal cells: shorter, pyramid-shaped cells which contact the basal lamina but taper off before their apical surfaces reach the lumen. These are thought to be undifferentiated precursors of principal cells.

Apical cells: predominantly found in the head region.

Clear cells: predominant in the tail region.

Intraepithelial lymphocytes: distributed throughout the tissue.

Intraepithelial macrophages.

Limb growth

A bulbourethral gland, also called a Cowper gland for English anatomist William Cowper, is one of two small exocrine glands in the reproductive system of many male mammals (of all domesticated animals, they are only absent in the dog).They are homologous to Bartholin's glands in females.

The bulbourethral gland contributes about 0.1 to 0.2 ml or 5% of the ejaculate. The secretion is a clear fluid that is rich in mucoproteins. The secretion also helps to lubricate the distal urethra, and neutralize acidic urine which remains in urethra.