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Abstract. Evolution has produced an astonishing array of organisms, but does it have limits and, if so, how are these overcome and how have
An interesting paper (Vermeij, 2015) on the "empty phenotypic space", i.e. the forms and adaptations that we do not see in the living world, possibly relevant to the convergence vs. contingency debate.
Some examples:
Wheels: some curled-up arthropods can roll around, and bacterial flagella and some parts of weevil legs rotate on their axis, but macroscopic wheels with a free axle do not exist, probably because smooth surfaces on which they'd be useful are rare and it would be difficult to grow them through embryonal development.
Animal-provided pollination and dispersal do not exist in water, with the possible exception of one species of fish-pollinated seagrass (which is a descendant of terrestrial plants). Presumably water is already good enough at carrying gametes and propagules that buying the services of an animal is a useless expense.
Mineral reef-building does not occur on land nor, more surprisingly, in freshwater. The reason for the latter is not clear, since there are enough mineral ions in freshwater to build shells. Boring of rock, shells, and wood in freshwater is also extremely rare though common in the sea.
Gelatinous plankton like salps or jellyfish (with few exceptions of the latter) is also not found in freshwater, probably because they can't survive dispersal between separate water bodies.
Endothermy ("warm blood") is generally not found in small aquatic animal, probably because water leeches away heat much faster than water, so aquatic endotherms (tunas, sharks, seals, whales) need to be bulky. On land, however, endothermy is found among tiny vertebrates and even insects.
There is no passive air-floating plankton, since air is not dense enough to support living tissue or dissolved organic matter by buoyancy. For that reason filter-feeding is also rare outside of water, while carnivorous plants are not found in the ocean (the water already carries enough nutrient). Aquatic plants do not produce wood as buoyancy is enough to keep them upright.
Large terrestrial animals do not specialize as scavengers (all mammals famous for scavenging also hunt actively); large carcasses are too spread out. All specialist scavengers on land are either very small, or flying.
Herbivory is rare among active fliers, because plant matter has a low energy density and takes a long time to digest. Herbivorous birds and insects are poor fliers or flightless, and the best fliers, like geese, are the ones that can take shelter in water.
Many more examples are only excluded from specific groups (e.g. live-bearing, despite being very common in reptiles, never appeared in birds, probably because the bird egg-shell is too mineralized to be retained in the womb as transition toward full live-bearing).
Even though the author calls them "forbidden phenotypes", only some of them are actually impossible (because they cannot evolve in the first place, or because they cost more energy than they're worth), and others simply never happened to evolve. At the end of the paper there is a list of phenotypes that would have been "forbidden" in the aftermath of the Cambrian Explosion and Ordovician diversification, but which appeared later, and they include
cutins, suberins, lignins, flavonoids, alkaloids, vascular systems, roots, leaves, rigid frameworks of stems and branches, nutrition complemented by animal matter, and basal growth in land plants; nitrogen-fixing symbiosis on land; animal-mediated dispersal/pollination; silk-producing, sound-emitting, flying, eusocial, terrestrial herbivorous, wood-boring, terrestrial shell-bearing and endothermic animals; embryos nourished within the body of an animal or plant parent; mineralized phytoplankton; and rock-excavating marine herbivores. [...] photosymbiotic and chemosymbiotic molluscs, the bivalved condition in gastropods, terrestrial life in gastropods and vertebrates, complex septa within the phragmocone of externally shelled cephalopods, internalization and loss of the shell in cephalopods, cementation to the substratum with a glue of calcium carbonate and organic matrix in several animal groups (gastropods, brachiopods, bivalves and barnacles), spines on shells of several groups (brachiopods, bivalves and brachiopods), mineralized tubes in polychaete annelids, mobility in bryozoans and pelmatozoan echinoderms, jaws and teeth in vertebrates, and vascular systems in brown and red algae. A vast diversity of potent venoms also lay in the future as part of the defensive and aggressive arsenal of many gastropods, cephalopods, aculeate Hymenoptera, vertebrates and land plants.
He also mentions phenotypes that were lost, but every listed adaptation seems to have survived in some group (e.g. complex spiny shells disappeared among cephalopods but survived in gastropods).
Well, I'm not. Reading didn't get its reputation as a way to increase intelligence and language skills by books being nonsense. Yet get 0 points for reading porn slop. We're in a stupidity crises. Snobbery and pretension are survival tools now. Everyone tighten the fuck up.
I don't care. Also, shut up- it's not like you're reading classic African literature either, which you could easily Google and get access to btw.
I have a disability/ I'm poor/ I have trauma/ I dont have time
If you can read social media posts, have 12 hours of screen time and accessed normal public schooling you can read real books. Stop looking for an excuse.
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Well, I'm not. Reading didn't get its reputation as a way to increase intelligence and language skills by books being nonsense. Yet get 0 points for reading porn slop. We're in a stupidity crises. Snobbery and pretension are survival tools now. Everyone tighten the fuck up.
I don't care. Also, shut up- it's not like you're reading classic African literature either, which you could easily Google and get access to btw.
I have a disability/ I'm poor/ I have trauma/ I dont have time
If you can read social media posts, have 12 hours of screen time and accessed normal public schooling you can read real books. Stop looking for an excuse.
A vanishingly small amount of people in any nation or society are responsible for a overwhelming majority of the problems in it.
In an ideally good and just society, they would be sequestered from the wider population, with as little harm to their life and freedom as is reasonable, with the intent of offering to them a means by which they can rehabilitate themselves.
The truth of the matter is that such an action is burdensome, difficult, and the results of that effort are rarely impressive, and often offensive to the families and friends of those sequestered.
It is still the kindest thing we can do for them.
I did the math, by the way, if you took the 4% of the population responsible for the majority of violent crime (those who offend 3 or more times) and marched them into the sea; not including any chilling effect of the action in question, you'd see a minimum 50% reduction in all violent crime, including homicide.
Because at the end of the day, dead cirminals don't reoffend.
That being said, I don't trust the government; any government, to do this correctly, so I'd rather we had the means to...disincentivze and physically/permanently arbitrate this issue as individuals. Because while the math does hold out, the problem is that the government and the masses will not stop at that 4%, they will keep going to justify their existence and to avoid feeling bad for the blood on their hands.
I may have become more strident in my beleif on this as time has gone on, but the basic nucleus has been the same since I was much, MUCH younger.
If you make yourself dangerous to a criminal, they will run, and if they do not run, they have chosen their death. In the simple calculus of these things, once you kill enough of them, they will stop.
Instead of True Crime, there should be a genre called True Law. everyone researches heinous acts of cruelty that were entirely, perfectly legal & sanctioned by the governments of their countries. Instead of True Crime’s freakish eugenicist obsession with “The Criminal Mind” (as if “criminals” are a biologically different species) —-the True Law podcasters could describe horrific acts of violence committed by police officers & prison guards & soldiers &etc, and breathlessly attempt to understand the twisted mysteries of “The Legal Mind.” It’s necessary, for Equality
I do like the idea behind this post, and think a “true law podcast” would be a really compelling work of satire.
BUT—
OP is overstating their case when they starts getting into how wanting to know the psychological roots of crime is “freakish” and “eugenic.”
Skipping over the fact that physiognomy is literally real and has provable predictive power… True Crime people only really ask questions about “the Criminal Mind” when it comes to incredibly depraved and abhorrent crimes that cry out for an Abnormal Psych explanation.
Nobody ever wonders about what causes people to murder their spouse for life insurance money or rob a bank, but serial killings and the like do need an explanation of the killer’s mindset, and there’s nothing “freakish” or “eugenic” about that.
but yeah I've gone full tinfoil hat as far as the datacenters are concerned: they're building out capacity for an unimaginable amount of storage and processing power, far beyond what grok or gemini or whatever would need to misread wikipedia and reddit to you.
No no, they want a surveillance system that isn't dependent on buildings full of analysts, who even with advanced tools have a limit to the number of targets they can keep tabs on.
They want something which can make connections between all the disparate datasets they've been building for decades, against the population at large--foreign and domestic. and do it in a way that is accessible to an imbecile (read: upper management).
At least, that's what it seems like to me. Admittedly, I am not an engineer or even a programmer. Maybe all this shit really is just so Grok can tell you if a tweet is real or not.
Surveillance and data sorting is 100% what these centers are for. The framework for such a system has been in the works for years, being tested all around the globe. Remember when we pointed out that AI like Palantir and Lavender are being used in Palestine and Gaza in order to track the movement of people and target them? It was just the tip of the iceberg.
People see this stuff happening in other countries and think that it will never happen in their country, but this shit always comes home.
There’s already a vast network of flock cameras, tracking your every move, there’s already going to be built-in surveillance systems in cars, and they can already figure out who your friends and family are just by studying whose phones your phone is near every day. They can map out your whole routine, they have absolute shit loads of data on everyone - the problem has always been that there is just so much data to get through that it is virtually useless.
Not with AI. AI does not get tired, doesn’t take breaks, doesn’t need vacations, doesn’t need to be paid. It will relentlessly parse every little bit of data the surveillance state takes in and spit it back out in neat rows, everything about you filed away.
Oh, and in case anybody still, for some reason, doubts that this might be the case - Trump is having the government invest tons of money into buying large stakes in AI companies
They are already integrating companies like flock and Palantir into the government, now they are gonna start buying up even more controlling interest in AI companies
All of it will be militarized, against you. 
And the conservatives who endlessly scream about communism in other countries won’t say a goddamn thing about the government buying controlling interest in private companies and expanding the surveillance state, because it is coming to fruition under a republican majority and Maga is a cult
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It's obvious why all "creatives" who can't create anything good or interesting are all communist faggots. They all went to college. Who needs talent when you had someone give you a good grade in Art?
The vast majority of creative arts teachers were complete failures in their fields, and felt that they could correct this by academically establishing rules for their field and teaching students that they'd never be successful if they didn't follow said rules that inevitably churn out bland, repetitive product.
Thus they hoped that their own bland, repetitive product would finally see success. But alas, for some reason, their grammatically perfect novel about a college professor considering an affair with one of his students still doesn't sell.
Low time preference requires the ability to explore hypothetical conditionals
And since NPCs can't explore hypothetical conditionals, they simply are high time preference, because the present is the only timestate they can process
And as a result, NPCs act in tremendously destructive fashion in pursuit of hedonism.
These are the people who are incapable of managing their own resources and therefore must live off the resources of others because they can only consume -- which loops right back into the OP: NPCs would be incapable of saying "if I got stolen from, I would feel bad, therefore I should not steal from others" because they would answer "but I'm not the one being stolen from" and carry on with their thievery.
Turns out NPC psychology is just your good-old-fashioned D&D orc.
Even if it were possible to vote out the abusers of power and vote in only good and virtuous people, statists wouldn't do it. They want Their Guy to abuse power.
Gotta love the mammals of the Paleocene, living in a world just emptied out of its giants, figuring out how to fill the niches of great hunters and browsers that had never belonged to mammals before. Extreme "perfectly generic Beast" energy, too
(top row: Chriacus, Phenacodus, Taeniolabis; bottom row: Barylambda, Protungulatum, Stylinodon, all pics from Wikipedia)
it’s actually really easy to satisfy audiences with Good Representation. you can’t depict someone struggling with their Otherness because that portrays it in a bad light but you have to depict them struggling with their Otherness because if you don’t, then you’re romanticizing how hard it is to be Othered. be super careful not to depict anything that might be adjacent to a common stereotype but if you go too far to avoid all stereotypes, then you’re still building the characters around stereotypes, which is a stereotype in its own way. if your storyline uses tropes, then it’s cliche, but if it avoids tropes, then it’s inauthentic. if you lampshade any of this, then you’re speaking down to your audience but if you don’t acknowledge this, you’re also speaking down to your audience. this is all really easy stuff i don’t know why people don’t get it.
forgot The Most Important thing. you absolutely CANNOT make them perfect because that dehumanizes them, but if you give them flaws? hoooo boy…let’s just say, you do *not* want to give them flaws…
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the original post makes me cringe but the fact a woman is being harassed over her pedophile ex-husband using the judicial system to abuse her and her daughter because she was mean to transwomen
Very interesting how they will quickly... almost eagerly... side with a child molester over someone that hurt their feelings. Almost as if they have more empathy for and see more of themselves in the child molester than they see themselves in the woman. Hm.
One of the interesting things about Jews is that they don't act as if they feel guilt, remorse, or that anything they ever do is wrong, yet they clearly do understand they're evil by the fact that they will look at the villain of virtually any story and say "This is about me, isn't it?"
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