Masterpost: Autism and Vocabulary
As a writer, weâre sure you are aware that words are important. You canât always substitute one for another because they all have their own depth of meaning and their own subtleties. So if you want to write an autistic character, youâll have to refer to autism using the right words. This post will help you do just that!
Autistic person? Person who has autism? Which one should I use?
This is a highly debated question. You might have heard âYou have to say âperson with autismâ because youâre talking about a person first; the person is not defined by their disability!â. While this is a nice thought, it is largely misguided, and this way of talking are mainly used by non-autistic persons while talking about us. The autistic community doesnât like this âperson-firstâ language very much for several reasons.
First of all, if you need to use specific language to remind yourself that we are people, you may have a problem that no amount of linguistic workarounds can solve. We say âa French personâ, not âa person who is Frenchâ or âa person with Frenchnessâ, because we donât need to remind ourselves that French people are people. Why should it be different with autistic people?
The second reason most of us donât like saying we are âpersons with autismâ is that our autism is not something that we carry with us. We are not a human person + a terrible disorder. We are fundamentally different. Being autistic is an integral part of who we are as people, and touches every sphere of our lives. If someone somehow managed to take away our autism, they wouldnât reveal the âreal usâ that was hidden behind it: they would create a whole different person. We canât be separated from our autism, and this should be reflected in the language you use while talking about us.
So ideally, youâll want to use âautisticâ, as an adjective: Cat is autistic, they are an autistic person. Some of us sometimes use âautisticâ as a noun as a shortcut, when weâre tired of repeating âpeopleâ all the time, but itâs best to avoid it when you can, especially if youâre allistic.
What you really need to avoid is âa person with autismâ, or heaven forbid âa person who happens to have autismâ, âa person who suffers from autismâ, âa person who lives with autismâ, or any variation thereof. Iâve also seen a few people write âan autistâ, but I donât get why they do that. Please donât do it.
And please donât refer to us as being âon the spectrum,â we donât need a euphemism to soften the blow of the word âautistic.â We are autistic! Even those who donât seem disabled. Please remember that, while it is all too often misused in an insulting or pejorative way, âautisticâ is not a bad word. Donât be afraid to use it! In fact, using it more and in a positive way is the best way to stop it from being misused as a pejorative.
You keep using these words I donât understandâŚ
Alright, letâs get a glossary going! Weâll update this post whenever we use a word that could be hard to understand (if we can remember to do itâŚ). If there is any word on the blog that you canât understand, check if weâve explained it here. If we havenât, shoot us an ask and weâll do it ASAP. :)
All of the titles are clickable and will take you to the corresponding tag so you can check out everything weâve written about a subject.
AAC: Augmentative and Alternative Communication. Encompasses all means of communicating used by nonverbal people which are not spoken/sign language, such as using a text-to-speech device or a pictogram system to communicate.
ABA: Applied Behaviour Analysis, the most common type of âtherapyâ autistic children are subjected to. It can have lots of negative long-terms effects on the personâs life, such as PTSD or vulnerability to abuse.
Ableism: Treating disabled people (including autistic people) poorly because they are disabled.Treating someone differently because they behave in autistic ways, punishing autistic people for stimming, forcing nonverbal autistics to communicate verbally (and ignoring other types of communication), etc. are all examples of ableist behavior.
Alexithymia: Difficulty identifying oneâs own emotions, very common in autistic people. They may not know how they feel at all, or simply unable to name their feelings. They are often unable to answer the question âHow are you?â or âHow are you feeling?â and may be aware only of whether they are feeling âgoodâ or âbadâ (and sometimes not even that).
Allistic: Someone who is not autistic. Used as an adjective and sometimes as a noun.
Aspergerâs Syndrome: An outdated diagnostic term for an autistic person who is generally able to communicate verbally at a typical age and shows interest in social relationships. This is no longer considered to be a thing which exists. (See our masterpost on functioning labels.)
Autistic: Someone who is autistic (ie the subject of this whole blog) (I donât know why we added that to the glossary)
Cure Culture / Curism: The attitude held by many allistic groups (most notably the hate group âAutism Speaksâ) that autism is a disorder or disease which should be eliminated from the human race and place a priority on âcuringâ it. This is similar to the old belief that homosexuality is a disease that should be cured, and just as harmful to autistic people.
Disability: There are two main definitions to this word: 1- Not being able to do something that the majority of people are able to do. For example: hear (deaf), see (blind), smell (anosmic), walk (para/quadriplegic), etc. Â 2-Being impaired by a physical/mental difference in a way that restricts oneâs professional, social, personal, or leisure activities. Depending on the definition and personal opinions, autistic people can be considered disabled or not disabled.
Dyspraxia: Difficulty with gross and/or fine motor skills, very common in autistic people. To a casual observer they may appear clumsy, often dropping things, walking into things, or tripping over their own feet (gross motor skills), or with poor handwriting, poor ability to hold a writing instrument, etc. (fine motor skills).
Echolalia: Use of verbal repetition to communicate, usually used by those who are not fully verbal. Words and phrases can be immediately repeated directly (âYou OK?â âYou OK.â), or with some changes (âAre you OK?â âI am okay.â). They can also come from memory (âWho gave you that?â [Darth Vader voice] âI am your father.â = my father).
Executive Dysfunction: Difficulty with executive functioning; skills used to make decisions and carry out tasks. Many autistic people have problems with this. They may be unable to make what appear to be simple decisions or figure out how to accomplish a simple goal. They may know exactly what they need to do but be unable to get their body to move to do it. It has been described via metaphors in a few ways: one is having all the ingredients to make a cake but no recipe, and being expected to make the cake, but having no idea how to do it. Another is that the body is like a horse and the brain is the rider, and the rider tries to get the horse to move, but it simply wonât budge.
Functioning Labels: Outdated and inaccurate (but sadly, still commonly used) labels for autistic people based on a narrow set of criteria. Those who donât communicate verbally are normally considered âlow-functioningâ, for example, and those who can are âhigh-functioningâ. See our masterpost for more information on why these labels are damaging and should not be used.
Hyperacusis: When a person is extremely sensitive to sound and the world sounds far louder to them than to others. It is often extremely painful, like having the volume on the world turned up way too high, and can be disabling. Many people with hyperacusis have or develop tinnitus (a constant sound, often ringing, usually caused by nerve damage in the ears).
Hyperempathy: Having far more affective empathy than a normal person. This can result in things like crying often, being unable to comfort upset people because their emotions are too overwhelming, etc. Some people feel hyperempathy all the time. Some have it only sometimes or for some people, or for inanimate objects.
Hypersensitivity: A blanket term which means âbeing more sensitive than most people to somethingâ. When it comes to autism, it can refer to several things. Most of the time, it is used about sensory hypersensitivity, such as sensitivity to sounds or bright lights. There is also emotional hypersensitivity (easily getting hurt feelings/responding very strongly to positive feelings).
Hyposensitivity: The opposite of hypersensitivity, some autistic people feel a lack of sensory stimulation. They feel understimulated and may constantly feel the need to seek sensory stimulation. Itâs important to note than an autistic person may be hypersensitive in some ways and hyposensitive in others, or at different times.
Infodumping: Sharing a large amount of information on a single topic all at once, often without pausing or allowing others to speak, due to overwhelming enthusiasm for the subject. It is usually done on subjects of special interest.
Low empathy: Some autistic people feel reduced or no affective empathy for other people (do not identify with their emotions or feel inspired to a certain emotion when they see others having that emotion). This does not necessarily mean that they do not care about the emotions of others - some may not care, some may care a great deal - only that they do not feel what others feel. Some people with low empathy for other people have hyperempathy for inanimate objects or fictional characters.
Meltdown: When the brain is too overloaded with sensory information or stress and can no longer function properly, an autistic individual may have a very violent reaction, called a meltdown. The person melting down is generally in a lot of pain. They might scream, throw things, yell curse words and insults, cry, hurt themselves or other, and try to hide themselves in absurd locations like under couch cushions or behind doors.
This neurological event cannot be controlled or stopped once it begins. It can be made worse by interfering and adding more sensory input (by touching or talking to the person) and usually will not subside until the person is left alone to calm down.Â
Neurodivergent/Neuroatypical: Having a neurology which is different from the most common ones, such as being autistic or having ADHD. Some people include mental illnesses in this label, some do not.
Neurodiversity: The philosophy that in order to succeed, survive, and thrive, the human race needs many different types of neurology, and that neurodiverse people are an important and positive component of our species.
Neurotypical: A term which is defined as âhaving the most common type of neurologyâ (ie not autistic, without ADHD/dyslexia/touretteâs, etc.). Someone with a mental illness may or may not be considered neurotypical depending on peopleâs opinions.
Nonverbal: Someone who cannot or does not communicate verbally (using spoken language, often including sign language). Some autistic people are always nonverbal. Most are nonverbal under stress or overload. Some are always verbal.
Passing: Successfully behaving enough like an allistic person, particularly in social situations, that no one suspects you are autistic. Often important or even necessary for some people, especially when it comes to work situations.
PECS: One of the AAC methods which is most commonly used with autistic children (and sometimes adults). Stands for âPicture Exchange Communication Systemâ. A pictogram-based system.
Proprioception: All of the sensory input which comes from inside your body. Includes your brainâs awareness of where the different parts of your body are. Autistic people often have very poor proprioception. As a result, they may have some type of dyspraxia, odd facial expressions, odd posture and walking gait, etc., all of which they may not be aware of until someone tells/shows them.
Sensory Processing Disorder: The clinical term for someone who has difficulty processing sensory information. Includes sensory hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity and differences. Too many details to process can lead to sensory overload, shutdowns, and meltdowns. Some autistic people donât agree that it is a disorder, and prefer to talk of âsensory processing differencesâ.
Sensory Overload: When too much sensory information is being sent to the brain and the brain can no longer keep up. It becomes painful and the person can become incapable of accepting new sensory information until the brain has time to catch up (like a computer freezing when too many programs are open). This often leads to shutdowns and/or meltdowns.
Shutdown: A defense mechanism against sensory overload and stress. The brain attempts to shut out all sensory input by disconnecting from the environment. The person might no longer understand speech (or even fully hear it), be able to think in language (or to think in any way at all), move their body, or communicate in any way. Their eyes might unfocus and they may seem to be completely âout of itâ. This state is usually a sign that the person needs to be left alone for their brain to calm down, but if pushed by those around them, they may switch to having a meltdown.
Special Interest: A subject which an autistic person is extremely interested in and will go to great lengths to learn everything possible about.
Spoons: A metaphor used to indicate the (limited) amount of energy a disabled or sick person has to devote to various tasks. There is a whole script blog devoted to this (@scriptspoonies). Many autistic people rely on this metaphor to describe their (lack of) energy.
Stimming: Repeated actions which are used to stimulate oneâs own nervous system, done for various reasons including to soothe oneself/calm down, express emotions, communicate, or just because it feels nice. Common examples include rocking back and forth, flapping hands, clenching jaw, tapping a part of the body, making a repeated noise, etc.
Verbal: Able to communicate using spoken language.
