Politically, the gantowisas [Clan Mothers] of the league, and Iroquoian gantowisas generally, had the right to confer or retract citizenship through adoption; call or end wars; appoint warriors and war chiefs; nominate all men to office; nominate all women to office; consider all matters in their own councils first; set the agenda of the league and the Wyandot Confederacy by deciding whether to send matters forward to the men’s councils; name children and officers (including direction of funerals); and impeach errant officials, male or female. Women also were the judges, mediators, and keepers of the peace.
Economically, women owned all the land and the crops, as well as all the fruits of the men’s hunts and the town’s fishing. They owned the longhouses, all the household goods, the lineage names and titles to office, and all farming implements. In addition, the women oversaw all food and goods distribution, ensuring that the goods and services of life were equitably distributed to all. This included calling and managing the seasonal festivals.
Religiously, the majority of Iroquoian Faithkeepers were once women, and about half today remain women. Dream work was and remains the special province of women. At one time, the majority of the medical work using herbs, roots, and healing concoctions was in the hands of the women. Women also “cleaned the bones of the dead” during the Feast of the Dead, a religious extension of their naming and funerary rights.
Socially, the gantowisas had the right to arrange marriages and recognize divorces; control fertility; and name and rear all children until puberty (at which point the men took over with the boys). Despite some attempts by anthropologists to trace patrilineal descent patterns—what they are actually tracing is assimilation patterns—Iroquoian descent was and is counted solely through the mother. Among the Senecas, the gantowisas might take more than one husband.