Science with Josh, Tyler and Kyle

Frequency is the numbers of cycles (one complete movement of the repeatable pattern in a wave) that occur in given unit time. Frequency is usually measured in hertz, which the second as a unit of time, so if a wave has a frequency of 20 cycles every second, that can be described as 20 hertz. 

Frequency and wavelength are connected because the lower the frequency of a wave, the higher the wavelength must be. The shorter the wavelength, the more cycles occur in any given amount of time, the higher the frequency.

Light waves of different wavelengths reflect different colours of lights. The lower the frequency and the higher the wavelength, the more red the light is; the higher the frequency, the lower the wavelength, the more blue the light is. 

Opaque: opaque substances can make a shadow. Substance that light cannot go through at all such as a book, humans, tables, chairs, walls, computers

Translucent: describes surfaces that allows some light rays to pass through, while some are bounced off and others are bent and scattered. For example, you can see light shining through a piece of paper, but you cannot see details of objects on the other side. Examples are stained glass or paper. 

Transparent: is the property of a surface that allows light to bass through it in a straight path without being bent, scattered, or bounced back off. Examples are the glass in windows. 

The first basic principle of light is that light is a form of energy. When light energy is absorbed by a surface/substance it can transform into different forms of energy. For example:

  Electrical Energy — solar panels made up of several solar cells absorb light energy and converts it to electrical energy that can be used to power a home. Apple uses “solar farms”, which are fields and fields of solar panels that are used to power some of their facilities. 

Thermal Energy — when you’re wearing a black shirt in the sunlight, the dark material absorbs the light energy and it is changed into thermal energy; you can actually feel the material warming up. 

Chemical energy — photosynthesis is a process used by trees that transforms light energy from the sun into sugars to feed the plant. 

A wave is an oscillation (or a back and forth movement) of energy through a substance, like a gas or a liquid, caused by a force. 

There are several different parts of a wave: 

Crest -- the crest is the highest point in a wave oscillation. 

Trough -- the trough is the lowest part of the oscillation in a wave. 

Wavelength -- the wavelength of a wave is the distance between two crests.

Amplitude -- amplitude is the longest distance (trough or crest) the wave moves from zero, or the undisturbed position. 

Cycle -- the cycle of a wave is one complete movement of the wave’s repeatable pattern

Incandescent light is a man made source of light. Incandescent is created when an object has become heat to such a temperature that it releases visible light. In the case of an incandescent light bulb, there is a metal wire filament inside of a bulb that is heated using electrical energy  to such an extent that it begins to glow white. 

Fluorescent light is another source of man made light. In this case, it’s the creation of ultraviolet light, that is absorbed by a substance, and the resulting light emitted from that substance is visible to us. In a fluorescent light bulb, electricity causes mercury in the tube to give off ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light is absorbed by the phosphorus coating on the tube, and emits a visible light. 

There are also types of man made light that are chemiluminescent, or created by chemical reactions. In the case of a glow stick, two chemical are separated by a barrier, when the barrier is broken, the chemicals mix, and the resulting reaction gives off energy in the form of visible light. As long as the reaction is occurring, the light can be seen. 

The sun and the stars are natural sources of light. Light from the sun and stars is created by the high-energy reaction of nuclear fusion of hydrogen particles. Hydrogen particles fuse together in the sun, forming helium. This process, called fusion, releases so much energy, that as well as heat, light energy is also released. 

Lightning is another natural source of light. The light is formed when an electrostatic discharge occurs between two electrically charged areas in a cloud or between a cloud and the ground. A discharge is the sudden movement of electricity between two charged particles or regions. 

Aurorae are another source of natural light. Aurorae occur strongest in the far North (Borealis) and the far South (Australis). Aurorae are the result of solar winds (charged particles) coming from the sun that are pulled by the magnetic fields of the Earth and collide with particles in the upper atmosphere of Earth. 

Light is the form of energy that humans see. Light spreads out evenly in all directions and energy spreading in this way is called radiation. Radiant energy (or energy spreading in this way) does not require matter. 

Plants require light from the sun to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which humans and all other animals need to live. 

"Almost 65% of all Canadian adults, and 26% of our children and adolescents are overweight or obese." 

exercise should be more heavily implemented in schools physical education programs. Also healthy eating should be more encouraged among youth (like apple-schools). Because it is difficult to promote healthy eating to youth in their homes, workplace programs to educate adults and parents could promote healthy eating habits at home that make their way to children.  

Circulatory system - keeping the circulatory system healthy can be achieved by choosing healthy lifestyle habits such as :Not smoking, eating a proper diet and getting regular exercise 

Digestive system - You can prevent disorders of the digestive by not using alcohol or aspirin,by not not smoking and avoiding long term stress,as well as making sure to have a healthy amount of fibre in your diet

Respiratory system - to keep your respiratory system healthy you want to avoid smoking/smokers, poor air quality inside buildings and heavy polluted air. Avoiding smoking is the best way to prevent disorders of respiratory system

The main components of the blood are plasma,white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells 

Plasma--Liquid components  of blood that holds blood cells in suspension and makes up about 55% of the total volume of blood. Plasma is the main transportation for excretory (waste) products. 

White blood cells -- Make up 1% of the total volume of the blood. They are cells of the immune system that defend the body from infectious diseases and foreign bodies. 

Platelets -- control the clotting of blood. Too few platelets can cause excessive bleeding because scabs are unable to form at wound. Too many platelets can cause blood clots that block vessels, leading to stroke, embolism or other blockages. 

Red blood cells -- carry oxygen throughout the circulatory system and delivers it to cells and tissues of the organism. They carry oxygen help of an iron-molecule called hemoglobin. 

A multicellular organism is a complex organism made of several different types of specialized cells. The benefits of being a multi cellular organism is that each different type of cell has special features and functions that allow multicellular organisms carry out various complex tasks. All organisms need: energy, reproduction and growth and to get rid of waste, multicellular organisms from biggest to smallest, starting with the:

Cell -- The smallest structure that turns nutrients into engrey and expels waste. 

Tissue -- is a sheet of smaller cells working together and attached.

Organ -- a collection  of tissue that comes to perform a specific task ( the stomach begins digestion by starting to slowly brake down food).

System -- a collection of organ that carries out a large task essential for survival ( stomach is a part of the digestive system that digests food , absorbs energy and gets rid out waste)

The blood is called the transport system of the body because it moves several different things thought out the body. First the blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells in other parts of the body; it delivers the nutrients (suger/portein) to the body cells; the blood also expels waste from the body such as urea (liquid waste) and carbon dioxide (gas waste); it also acts as messenger because it transports hormones and signals tissue damage.  

Respitory system -- The respiratory system is mostly responsible for exchanging gases with the environment. Oxygen is drawn into the noise and brought to the lungs were it is deposited in to the blood steam and carbon dioxide is collected and expelled from the body in the next breath out. This exchange of gasses occurs in a very thin membraned structure called alveoli which comes into contact with the circulatory system. The primary organs involved in the respiratory system are the nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea and lungs (alveoli). 

The major parts of the digestive system are:

the stomach: the stomach which breaks down the food so that it can more easiy pass through the sphincter into the small intestine. 

small intestine: The small intestine helps food digest and absorbs the digested food

Large Intestine: The large intestine, which absorbs water from the food that was indigestible, and the remaining waste is called feces ( aka poop ).

The Rectum: The rectum is the final portion of the colon, where waste is held just before it is released from the body;

The Mouth: The Mouth is where chewing takes place, the first step is breaking down food, or digesting, saliva helps in this process:salivary glands which produces amylase which begins to digest starches before  it even reaches the stomach 

esophagus : the esophagus a muscular tube that pushes food from the mouth to the stomach using a contraction of the muscles called peristalsis. 

The anus: the anus is the opening at at the end of the digestive systems that releases food waste from your body. There are three more organs that aid in digestion: 

The liver -- that creates biles, which digests lipids (fats) in the small intestine; 

The gall bladder --  holds the bile created by the liver, and

Humans are made up of many specialized cells that carry out different tasks. Some examples are: 

Kidney cells -- human kidney cells are special because their semi-permiable membranes regulate sodium and potassium. 

Nerve cells -- human nerve cells that send electric signals to the brain carrying information such as touch and pain. They are large and branch-like to carry information quickly. 

Skin cells -- cells in outer of skin are (epidermis) are called keratinocytes. These cells make up 90% of all skin cells in humans. They are heavy in protein that helps carry out the "barrier" function of the skin.

Muscle cells -- myocytes. They are long tubular cells. Smooth muscle cells are bundled together into sheets that can contract, so your muscles get shorter and tighter like when you lift something.  Skin cells pictured above.