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@blueberrypugs
Hydrogen Bond notes: 1. Water is made up of Oxygen(6) and Hydrogen(1) which shares Covalent bonds with the Hydrogen atoms. (shares a single electron beterrn them). 2. because Oxygen has 6 electrons then the way that the Water molecule is shaped in a tetrahedral fashion, and because Oxygen is very Electronegative (likes to take more than its fair share of the electrons it shares. There is a sode of a water molecule that is partially positive (on the side with the hydrogen), and a side that is partially negative (sode with the oxygen). 3. when more than one water molecules are put together, they tend to create HYDROGEN BONDS between the partially negative and partially positive charges that they have. 4. When the tempature is higher, and water is a liquid, the molecules have enough kinetic energy to form and break these bonds at will, or to go closer together than they would with less energy. Which is what makes water move like a liquid like all other matter. 5. But when the water has less energy and the temperature lowers, there is no longer enough energy to break the hydrogen bonds and so the water forms tiny crystal looking structures at the molecular level because its all of the hydrogen bonds forming so smoothly. And because it doesnt have enough energy to push the molecules closer together than the hydrogen bonds will allow, it becomes less dense than liquid water, and creates ice, that rises and floats on top of liquid water rather than sinking like other solids. It also creates the beautiful icicle and snowflake shapes because of how organized the hydrogen bonds tend to keep the molecules together. 6. Hydrogen bonds also affect temperature and weather because they cause water to have a higher specific heat (amount of heat needed to raise 1g of a substance by 1 degree Celcius). Which means that water needs to be given more heat energy in order to raise its temperature than other substances. This is because while other substances can use most of that heat to raise their kinetic energy and cause them to rise in temperature, Water must use than energy to break the hydrogen bonds that form over and over again, AND raise its kinetic energy (raise its temperature). Because of this, the air that is in contact with coastal regions and lakes are more likely to be less affected by the weather than the air inland, because its in contact with water which is less affected by the sun. and the air then affects the climate of the whole coastal region to be less temperature than the climate inland.
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