baguettes

Just in case France win the world cup - here’s more useful French phrases as presented by the cat:

“I bought my new bow tie in the city.“ “I love my box.” “What do you think of my new glasses?” “Paws and whiskers…paws and whiskers.” “This is my favourite place in the garden.” “I am a beautiful butterfly.“ 

les revues du monde by charlie danger

nota bene by ben 

c’est une autre histoire by manon bril

axolot by patrick baud

(for @cadernodaju) coucou tout le monde!  Basically this is an outline of what basic grammar/vocabulary you should know at each CEFR level, but as a disclaimer I would like to note that I am not fluent in the French language. Everything from C1-C2 is what I’ve heard speakers say they study at that level, it is not from experience since I am only at around a B2 myself. Also, this is but a brief outline for REVIEW, if you are studying any of these French levels for the first time I reccommend you visit my more in depth french posts here (x) (x) or my posts/french tag

basic user

A1 breakthrough 

basic greetings and goodbyes

can introduce yourself and others

talk about things you like/like to do

discuss where you live

tell what things you have

describe yourself and others with traits

order food

review for A1-

100 most common french verbs

basic sentence structure in french

greetings and goodbyes

basic phrases

personality vocab

A2 waystage 

describe the environment around you

talk about daily routine

basic details about your past and family

talk about school/employment

review for A2-

daily routine vocab

passé composé or imparfait?

school vocab

futur proche

directions in french

the imperative

reflexive verbs

demonstrative pronouns

independent user

B1 threshold 

deal with most situations that arise when traveling

talk in detail about personal interests

discuss dreams, ambitions, and opinions with brief explanations

discuss plans

tell short stories

review for B1 -

the conditional 

the future

job vocabulary

discussing plans

y and en

story vocabulary

object pronouns

useful argument/opinion phrases

idioms

future perfect

present participle

B2 vantage 

give the advantages and disadvantages of an opinion/viewpoint

talk about abstract concepts

discuss a variety of topics 

can interect with a native speaker while experiencing little strain

review for B2-

essay writing vocab

more essay writing

the subjunctive (x) (x) (x)

science vocabulary (x) (x) (x)

math vocabulary

political vocabulary (x) (x)

arts vocabulary

plus que parfait

past conditional

proficient user

C1 effective operational efficiency 

can express yourself fluently without having to notably pause or look for the right word

use the language flexibly for social, academic, and professional purposes

talk about complex topics with fluidity and organisation

review for C1 -

active and passive voice

passé antérieur

passé simple

past imperative

relative pronouns 

conjuctions 

C2 mastery

can summarise information from other sources

reconstruct arguments and accounts

understand underlying meanings in conversation

express yourself fluenty

review for C2 -

pluperfect subjunctive

DALF C2 review

sample DALF test

personal review of DALF c1 and c2

A Guide to CSS transform property

So this is one of my favorite things to use.  The transform property allows you…well transform an element using its rotate, translate, skew, scale, and perspective values. 

Let’s start with something simple: rotating a div.

So we have a square div. Mine looks like this:

To rotate it, all we need to do is add the transform property with the rotate value. We’ll rotate it 45 degrees for this demo 

transform: rotate(45deg);

here’s the before and after:

More examples for the other values under the cut!

SCIENCES

↬ Biology

Anatomy & Physiology

General Biology (AP)

↬ Chemistry

Biochemistry

Organic Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

↬ Mathematics

Calculus

↬ Physics

General Physics

Quantum Mechanics

Electromagnetism

↬ Engineering

Electrical

Mechanical

↬ Computer Science

SOCIAL SCIENCES

↬ Psychology

HUMANITIES

↬ History

European History (AP)

↬ Literature

STANDARDIZED TESTS

↬ High School

AP

↬ College Admission

ACT

Follow studyblrsubjects for more! Have your own tips or found some here on tumblr? Submit them here! Want to write some? Find a list of highly demanded subjects and classes here! If you want to suggest some classes and subjects or help run the blog, send us a message!

3-22-18 Thank you 6k followers! Always grateful for all the love and support you gave little space of my own. Here’s a peak of my room and new found things reminding you to be productive and ace that exam!

Love,

1. All sites are online and free. 

2. It’s hard to separate into Languages and Linguistics because there’s a lot of overlap. Many of these sites could be on either list. 

Linguistics:

World Atlas of Language Structures Online

Speech Accent Archive - listen to a paragraph read in English by speakers of other languages

List of Languages by Writing Script

List of Endangered Languages

Type the IPA

Ethnologue - Information about the languages of the world

23 Maps and Charts on Language

Endangered Languages Project

Listen to the IPA

Linguistics pdfs

Articles and videos on linguistics

Google Ngram Viewer - looks at the use of words over time

Concise Encyclopedia of the Languages of the World

Language learning:

Lang-8  - practice writing and receive corrections from native speakers

Memrise  - practice vocab

Tatoeba - find a sentence that uses your word

Harry Potter - listen to the beginning of Harry Potter read in  60+ languages

A User’s Guide to the Best Swear in Every* Language (*obviously not every language. whatever buzzfeed)

Wordreference  - the French and Spanish dictionaries are really good, the others are meh

BBC Languages - Not very in depth but offers quite a few small European languages such as Manx, Luxembourgish, and Guernésiais

Languagehelpers.com  - Translation, language facts, and information about some scripts

Transparent Language Blogs - occasionally has interesting articles about various languages 

Students of the World Penpals - Correspond in your target language with a native speaker

The Polyglot Project - Read books in your target languages; built in translation feature

mylanguages.org - offers a huge variety of languages; introductory/beginner level 

SayJack - Chinese, Japanese, and Korean

Duolingo but I’m sure you all know this one XD

A-Z Index of Omniglot - SUPER informative resource especially for smaller, lesser known languages; provides information as well as LINKS to learning resources for each language

Dramafever - watch TV in Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Japanese, and English (they have like one or two in Portuguese as well)

Interesting/fun article about some interesting languages (I don’t really like their use of the word ‘bizarre’ here)

Interesting blog about a guy’s experiences with 37 languages 

Look at videos trending on youtube by country

Top websites by country - useful in finding advanced content in your target language

Project Gutenberg - Read books in English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese

Yabla -  Watch videos in your target language

Wikitongues - A youtube channel featuring speakers of a wide variety of languages (they have a tumblr too!)

Foreign Language Music

Forvo - listen to words pronounced by native speakers

Rate your foreign language fluency

Lingro - “the coolest dictionary known to hombre”

The world’s most multilingual countries

World Language Store - by products (for example, books) from around the world

Foreign Service Institute Language Courses

Interlinear books - foreign language books with the english translations below

Global Language Online  - material drawn from radio, newspaper etc. 

Resource list  for learning over 50 languages

Tumblr blogs for specific languages - most are inactive but may still be good resources

Read articles in your target language!

Babla - online language dictionaries

Collins Dictionaries Online

Peace Corps Language Courses

Culture Talk - Videos about culture

Innovative Language Learning - Youtube channels teaching over 30 languages

Verbix - CONJUGATES VERBS YAY

Dictionaries for a LOT of languages

Read Grimm’s fairytales in other languages

European radio stations streaming live

TV streaming live

How I Learn Languages - pdf of the book by Hungarian polyglot Kató Lomb

Subjunctive is a mood typically used to express wishes, desires, emotions, opinions, doubts, and necessities.

To form the present subjunctive, take the present indicative 3rd person plural form (ils/elles) of most verbs, remove the ending -ent, and add the following endings:

-e -es -e -ions -iez -ent

Verbs which take on irregular formations include avoir, être, faire, aller, savoir, pouvoir, and vouloir

The present subjunctive is used with expressions which could fall into 5 general categories:

1. NECESSITY

il faut que // it is necessary to

il est important que // it is important that

il est nécessaire que // it is essential that

il est temps que // it is time that

il est urgent que // it is urgent that

il est exigé que // it is required that

ex: Il est essentiel que je finisse mes devoirs. // It is essential that I finish my homework.

2. DESIRE

aimer (mieux) que // to prefer that

défendre que // to forbid that

demander que // to ask that

exiger que // to demand/require that

ordonner que // to order that

permettre que // to permit that

préférer que // to prefer that

souhaiter que // to wish/hope that

vouloir que // to want/wish that

ex: Mes parents défendent que je sorte pendant la semaine. // My parents forbid that I go out during the week.

3. DOUBT

il est douteux que // it is doubtful that

il est (im)possible que // it is (im)possible that

il est improbable que // it is improbable that

il n’est pas certain/sûr que // it is not sure that

il n’est pas clair que // it is not clear that

il n’est pas vrai que // it is not true that

il se peut que // it is possible that

il semble que // it seems that

douter que // to doubt that

ex: Il se peut que ces touristes ne parlent pas français. // It is possible that these tourists do not speak french.

4. EMOTION

il est bon que // it is good that

il est dommage que // it is a pity that

il est triste que // it is sad that

il est surprenant que // it is surprising that

il est regrettable que // it is regrettable that

il est étonnant que // it is astonishing that

il est bizarre que // it is odd that

il est curieux que // it is curious that

il est (mal)heureux que // it is (un)fortunate that

il est honteux que // it is a shame that

il est (in)utile que // it is useless/useful that

il est incroyable que // it is incredible that

ex: Il est très utile que nous apprenions le français. // It is very useful that we learn french.

5. OPINION

il est normal que // it is normal that

il est logique que // it is logical that

il est naturel que // it is natural that

il est (in)juste que // it is (un)just that

il est rare que // it is rare that

il est préférable que // it is preferable that

il est convenable que // it is fitting/proper that

il vaut mieux que // it is better that

Akkadian

Arabic

Aramaic

Church Slavonic

Egyptian (hieroglyphics and Demotic)

Elamite

Ethiopic (Ge’ez)

Etruscan

Gaulish

Georgian

Gothic

Greek

Hebrew

Hittite

Latin

Mayan (various related languages/dialects)

Old Chinese

Old English

Old French

Old Frisian

Old High German

Old Irish

Old Norse

Old Persian

Old Turkic

Sanskrit

Sumerian

Syriac

Ugaritic

hello,

I. DIRECT PRONOUNS :

WHAT :

- me, m’, moi = me (ex : tu me connais - you know me)

- te, t’, toi = you (ex : je te connais - i know you)

- le, l’ = him, it (ex : tu le connais - you know him)

- la, l’ = her, it (ex : nous la connaissons - we know her)

- nous = us (ex : tu nous connais - you know us)

- vous = you (ex : ils vous connaissent - they know you)

- les = them (ex : elle les connaît - she knows them)

n.b. 1 : m’, t’ and l’ are contracted forms and used before a vowel or a mute h (ex : tu m’appelles, je l’adore, tu t’habilles bien)

n.b. 2 : moi, toi are stressed forms and used in imperative constructions (ex : donne-le-moi - give it to me)

n.b. 3 : we don’t have ‘it’ in french, everything is gendered (ex : that chair is hurting my back - elle me fait mal au dos)

WHEN :

a direct object (complément d’objet direct - COD) :

- is placed right after the verb,

- answers the question what/who,

- refers to the person or thing making the action

ex : le chat mange des croquettes. le chat mange quoi ? des croquettes

HOW :

in regular sentences :

determiner + pronoun + verb 

ex : je t’aime = i love you

in sentences involving compound tenses :

(perfect tense, pluperfect, future and conditional perfect, past anterior, past infinitive, past and pluperfect subjunctive, past imperative, perfect participle) : 

determiner + pronoun + auxiliary + verb 

ex : il te l’avait montrée = he had shown it to you

in sentences involving semi-auxiliary verbs :

(aller - to go, venir - to come, savoir - to know, vouloir - to want, faire - to do, devoir - to have to, pouvoir - to can) : 

determiner + semi-auxiliary verb + pronoun + infinitive

ex : vous pouvez les appeler = you can call them

II. INDIRECT PRONOUNS :

WHAT :

- me, m’, moi = me

- te, t’, toi = you

- lui = him, her, it

- nous = us

- vous = you

- leur = them

- y : replaces a proposition or an infinitive introduced par à, au, à la, à l’ or aux (at)(elle pense à partir - elle y pense = she’s thinking about leaving - she’s thinking about it)

- en : replaces a verb introduced by du, de la, des (elle s’occupe du chat - elle s’en occupe = she’s taking care of the cat - she’s taking care of it)

n.b. 1 : m’, t’ and l’ are contracted forms and used before a vowel or a mute h

n.b. 2 : moi, toi are stressed forms and used in imperative constructions (ex : ramène-la-lui = bring it to him/her)

n.b. 3 : lui is used for masculine + feminine words, you have to use the context to identify the object’s gender (ex : je lui manque = he or she’s missing me)

WHEN :

an indirect object (complément d’objet indirect - COI) :

- is separated from the verb by a preposition (the main ones being : à - at, chez - at (someone’s place), dans - in, de - of, from, since, by…, entre - between, jusque - as far as, hors - except (for), par - by, with, out of, pour - for, sans - without et vers - towards),

- answers the question of who? of what? to who? to what?,

- refers to the person or thing experiencing the action,

- can be : a noun/nominal group (nous sommes partis sans lui), a pronoun (tu leur expliqueras), an infinitive (il est allé jusqu’à prendre la route de nuit) or a subordinate clause (nous avons obéi à ce que tu as demandé)

ex : sophie discute avec jules. sophie discute avec qui ? jules

HOW :

when replacing à (to) + someone :

determiner + pronoun (me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur) + verb + indirect object

ex : je donne un cadeau à camille et madeleine = je leur donne un cadeau

when replacing à (to) + a thing :

determiner + y + verb (+ adverb)

ex : sophie pense à sa poupée = sophie y pense

when replacing de (about) + someone/a thing :

determiner + verb + de/d’ + pronoun (moi, toi, lui/elle, nous, vous, eux/elles)

ex : sophie parle de m. et mlle de réan = sophie parle d’eux

- Our future tense requires only one word (looking at you, Spanish)

- Words don’t change meanings depending on tone (Cantonese)

- We don’t live in some bizarre Beauty And The Beast world where we give inanimate objects genders (romance languages, German)

- Likewise, we don’t have have two different words for “they” because we don’t care whether “they” were male or female (Spanish, French)

- There’s no formal “you” because we don’t play mind games about whether or not we respect you (Spanish, German)

- We don’t alter the whole fucking language based on how much we respect you (Japanese)

- The letters and sounds might not be consistent, but at least we have letters, not just pictures (Mandarin)

- We don’t have a fucking stupid tense specifically for talking to two people because some idiot decided that a two-person tense was necessary (Arabic)

american english: cotton candy ✅ good

british english: fairy floss ❌ not valid

spanish, german: sugar cotton ✅ good