iām a speech/language therapist who specializes in language development for preschool aged children (under 5). Ā as a rule of thumb, children approximate adult language at 5 years of age. Ā i didnāt really include speech sound development because thatās a whole lot of explanation. Ā but, hereās what their language looks like from birth - 5 years:
Quiets or smiles when spoken to
Seems to recognize caregiverās voice and quiets if crying
Makes pleasure sounds (cooing, gooing)
Cries differently for different needs
Smiles they see caregiver
Turns eyes to the direction of sounds
Responds to changes in tone of voice
Interested in music / toys that make sounds
Babbling is reduplicated repetitions of different easy to pronounce sounds, (i.e. āpapapa,ā ābababa,ā āmamamaā)
Vocalizes excitement and displeasure
Enjoys games like peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake
Turns and looks in direction of sounds
Recognizes words for common items like ācupā, āshoeā, ābookā, or ājuiceā
Begins to respond to commands and requests (e.g. āCome hereā or āWant more?ā)
Babbling has many different sounds (āpabamimaā)
Uses gestures to communicate (waving, holding arms to be picked up)
Imitates different speech sounds
Has one or two words (hi, dog, dada, mama) around first birthday, although words may not be intelligible
Points to a few body parts when asked.
Follows simple commands and understands simple questions (āRoll the ball,ā āKiss the baby,ā āWhereās your shoe?ā).
Points to pictures in a book when named.
Vocabulary size increases every month
Child over generalizes words (i.e. every four legged animal isĀ ādoggyā)
Uses some one- or two- word questions (āWhere kitty?ā āGo bye-bye?ā āWhatās that?ā).
Once vocabulary size reaches ~250 words child begins to put two words together (āmore cookie,ā āno juice,ā āmommy bookā).
Understands opposites (āgo-stop,ā āin-on,ā ābig-little,ā āup-downā).
Follows two-step requests (āGet the book and put it on the tableā).
Should be able to listen to story books for longer periods of time
Vocab size increased to the point where they have a word for almost everything, new words every day.
Uses two- or three- words sentences.
Speech is understood by familiar listeners most of the time.
Often asks for or directs attention to objects by labeling them.
Asks āwhy?ā but may not be able to answer (**askingĀ questions comes far before being able to answer them!!)
May stutter on words or sounds (this is normal unless it distresses the child)
Will respond when called from another room.
Can talk about familiar activities that happened at school or at friendsā homes while the listener was not present. Ā Uses about 4 sentences at a time. (Not yet a full adult-like narrative, but making progress.)
People outside of the family understand childās speech.
Answers simple āwho?ā, āwhat?ā, and āwhere?ā questions.
Asks āwhen?ā and āhow?ā questions.
Understands simple meta-linguistic structures such as rhymes (i.e. āhat-catā)
Uses pronouns, such as I, you, me, we, or they
Uses some plural words, like toys, birds, and buses (may overgeneralize plural or past tenseĀ ā
Sentences have 4 or more words.
Usually has outgrown stuttering behaviors.
Understands sequencing words like first, next, and last.
Understands words for time, like yesterday, today, and tomorrow.
Follows 3-4 step directions, like āPut your pajamas on, brush your teeth, and then pick out a book.ā
Says all speech sounds in words. May still make mistakes on sounds that are harder to say, like l, s, r, v, z, ch, sh, th. Ā **Mistakes on /r/ are common until 7 years of age
Uses sentences that have more than one verb.
With adult support can construct a short narrative about something the listener is not familiar with (i.e. āWhat happened in the movie?ā)
Understands that they must change their language depending on the listener and place. May use short sentences with younger children or talk louder outside than inside.