This is a really thoughtful read! You’re spot on about the literacy point. It suggests a level of intellectual intimacy Roran had with his father that Eragon was fundamentally excluded from.
Eragon was "puzzled" and "dismayed" to find out from Brom (a stranger!) that his own uncle could read. Meanwhile, Roran not only knew but had discussed it with Garrow. It feels like Garrow viewed Eragon more as the "farm hand," while Roran was the son and confidant.
While I have no doubt Garrow loved Eragon, there’s also a clear double standard in how he viewed their futures and the value of each boy's labor.
When Roran announces he is leaving for Therinsford to save money for himself and his marriage, Garrow’s response is a "twinkle in his eye" and total acceptance. Even though Roran explicitly states, “You and Garrow can make do without me,” effectively offloading his half of the grueling farm work onto Eragon, Garrow views this as “life’s natural course.” In contrast, when Eragon attempts to provide for the family by negotiating a blacksmithing apprenticeship (a valuable village skill!) to pay off a meat debt, Garrow explodes in rage, demanding, “Are you going to ignore all the things that need to be done here?” He treats Eragon’s labor as property of the farm that cannot be spared even to pay for the food they are currently eating.
This positions Eragon as the one who must "earn" his keep and secure the family’s survival, while Roran is encouraged to save money for his “own self” to start a life with Katrina.
It also seems like Garrow had a long-term plan for Roran’s success that he did not have for Eragon. He reveals he has been “saving" a pouch of coins specifically for Roran to use as he enters the world. This represents a material investment in Roran’s future as a husband and independent man. Garrow kisses Roran on the forehead during this blessing, while Eragon is only included in the subsequent verbal advice, accompanied by a “stern gaze.” The advice itself is sound, but the contrast is clear: the biological son receives savings, blessing, and affection, while the foster nephew receives moral instruction and the expectation of maintaining the farm alone.
Roran gets capital and permission to leave; Eragon gets duty, labor and moral guidance. Even if Garrow loves both, he is distributing different kinds of futures to each of them.
I also don’t think Garrow necessarily experiences this as “Eragon is lesser.” It may be more that he defaults to culturally available roles without consciously interrogating them. So Roran gets treated as the “continuation of lineage,” while Eragon gets treated as “already integrated labor.” However, that still produces the same emotional outcome for Eragon.
As an adult, when Eragon is being questioned by Nasuada and Orrin, he feels “like a child again, waiting for Garrow to tell him what his punishment would be for doing something foolish.” Combined with Garrow being described as “sharp as vinegar and as hard and dry as a winter rutabaga,” his "taciturn presence", and Eragon’s misery at the thought of being left alone on the farm without Roran, it’s clear his upbringing lacked open warmth or emotional security.
Paolini said that Garrow "disapproved" of Selena's choices, despite not knowing much about what her life with Morzan was really like. It’s easy to imagine that this disapproval of Selena could have trickled down onto Eragon (consciously or not) as her remaining “stand-in” in the household.
Eragon’s internal monologue confirms that he did not see himself as a son, but as an outsider who was merely tolerated. He states that “no one but Saphira has wanted me: not my mother, not Garrow… I have always been an inconvenience”. Even after becoming a Rider, he calls himself "Son of None," a result of the inability to claim himself as the "Son of Garrow" like Roran. He felt he did not have the "right" to call Garrow "Father," something he notes with bitterness that even Katrina hoped to use. This treatment was a defining feature of his upbringing and society.
Regarding the wider village, Sloan can be read less as an anomaly and more as the loudest expression of a generally judgmental environment. The urgency around Roran and Katrina’s marriage shows how fragile “honor” is in Carvahall. The fear is not just personal embarrassment but social destabilization. Roran’s concern about “old women gossiping” and Katrina’s fate if he died before marriage tells us that enforcement comes not from law but collective surveillance. Reputation is the infrastructure of Carvahall's society.
Elain’s warning that a woman without inheritance becomes the village’s “first and only beggar” shows how status in Carvahall is mediated through family, dowry, and recognition. It shows how quickly one can fall from “respected member” to “socially abandoned” without those things. Eragon is effectively born outside that system: poor, parentless, illegitimate, and without claim to Garrow’s land. In a patrimonial society, he is a landless laborer in a world where land defines everything.
So Eragon's position is structurally precarious in a way that isn’t just about any single person mistreating him. He doesn’t just lack wealth or parents in a narrow sense; he lacks recognizable social capital. No inheritance, no named lineage, no embedded protection through kinship networks. Roran inherits the name and the land. Eragon's only function on the farm is the labor he provides. He's socially invisible.
All of this enables Sloan's abuse. Sloan uses status-based insults to reinforce Eragon’s illegitimacy and to deny him fair treatment and food as the only butcher in town. He calls him a “disgrace,” the “yellow-bellied offspring of a canker-ridden bunter” (insinuating his mother was a diseased whore), the “runty, mewling spawn of a greasy sow,” and treating him as something “unclean.” We can infer how Sloan's society views people like Eragon when he uses “bastard,” “unlicked cub,” and “puking villain” as insults to drive home Eragon’s lack of legitimate name and social standing. Eragon was also not shielded from this long-standing abuse, as Sloan had been tormenting him as far back as childhood.
Living near the Spine also casts Eragon as “other.” Forced to hunt there to survive, he becomes associated with danger and marginal spaces. When he brings back the stone, Sloan’s mockery of him as the “mighty hunter,” and his fear that Eragon has carried the Spine’s “curse” into the village, follow a skewed logic: he links his wife’s death to the Spine, the Spine to Eragon, and Eragon’s willingness to go there as a kind of culpability.
It's all a microcosm of the larger narrative: doylistically, Eragon is written as the classic "orphan/outcast" archetype whose hero’s journey depends on having no secure place in his origin society. Oromis confirms that in human society, being born out of wedlock is a “disgrace” and a “shame” akin to a curse. Eragon is defined by his lack of belonging; he does not call himself "Son of Garrow", tells Trianna he wasn't close with anyone in Carvahall, and by the end he feels he does not truly belong in Carvahall, or in Alagaësia at all.
His physical transformation during the Agaetí Blödhren into a “half-breed” hybrid literalizes this outsider status. Even among the Varden, he describes himself as a “mix” who no longer fully belongs with his own kind.