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THE WRATH OF ENIGMA, PAGE 14 — THE REAL FIGHT BEGINS
Another single-page post from the Wrath of Enigma comic. Here Cascadia starts fighting Enigma without his transforming thunderbird armor.
I had an idea that the ground would rise/drop when Cascadia thrusts his fist up into Enigma's head and drops his tail down on Enigma's body. However I hadn't even depicted it in the sketch so I completely forgot about this.
On the desktop version of my blog there is a page stating that one of Cascadia's abilities is "Orogenic Uppercut" which causes mountains to rise up and impale his opponent, and I have a couple of black and white ink drawings posted of it. I've never depicted it colored, though. It feels more like something he would use back when he was the Cordilleran Subduction Zone, which created the Rocky Mountains. The Cascadia Subduction Zone just doesn't generate non-volcanic mountains as obviously. Ultimately I decided not to have him use this ability in the Wrath of Enigma.
I have depicted here for the first time in color Cascadia using a basaltic lava breath attack. My dad actually was super grossed out by it at first, thinking it was vomit. Technically, though, he's kinda right, given Cascadia makes his magma using the tectonic plates he consumes. He essentially is disgorging the contents of his stomach.
I've pretty much never depicted (even in sketches) Cascadia using his tsunami powers. I think this is because I've only really drawn him fighting other faults/disaster avatars. Enigma doesn't need to breathe oxygen, so he can't be drowned. A 100-foot wall of water does indeed carry a lot of kinetic energy, but you know what has even more kinetic energy? A 100-foot wall of rocks. So Cascadia mostly just bashes Enigma with his giant rock fists.
It really ends up being a thing he only really uses to kill humans, whom he considers vermin*.
I knead some of this in my life. Just add butter for melted magma effect. Just don't overdo it, or else you may be left with some very messy lava.
Nuku'alofa, Tonga: A team of Tongan geologists who went out to observe the Jan. 14 eruption of the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai volcano witnessed spectacular explosions on the dangerous mission on Friday afternoon. The pulsating explosions throughout the day were also viewed from weather satellites in space.
2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami - Wikipedia
CNN: Tsunami advisory in effect for US as waves hit Tonga following volcanic eruption
BBC: Get away from shore - US and Japan warn on tsunami
In Japan, the 1.2m tsunami was recorded in the Kominato district of Amami-Oshima Island in Kagoshima Prefecture at 23:55 (14:55 GMT) on Saturday.
So violent was the initial eight-minute eruption that it could be heard as "loud thunder sounds" in Fiji, more than 800km away, according to officials in the capital, Suva.
CBC: New Zealand's military sends flight to Tonga to assess volcano damage
Internet service remains cut to island nation, causing concern for families New Zealand's military on Monday morning was able to send a surveillance flight to Tonga to assess the extent of the damage from a huge undersea volcanic eruption.A towering ash cloud had prevented the military from launching any flights earlier to the Pacific island nation.Communications with the island nation remained limited after the internet was cut soon after the eruption on Saturday evening.
RNZ: Recap: Updates on the aftermath of the Tonga volanic eruption
A New Zealand Defence Force Hercules is to fly to Tonga with aid for the country's immediate needs after the massive volcanic eruption, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has confirmed.
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai - Wikipedia
2019: Ordovician turbidites, scraped off a subducted plate, outcropping at Quarry Beach, Mallacoota.

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Blue diamonds start in subduction zones
The Earth’s Crust
The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth. It is less dense than the mantle, as its rocks contain minerals with lighter elements, such as aluminium, calcium & silicon. The boundary between the crust & mantle is marked by the Mohorovicic seismic discontinuity.
The continental crust is 30km thick, and the oceanic crust is 10km thick (on average). There is over twice as much oceanic crust as continental.
Continental Crust
The continental crust forms all the major landmasses, and their surrounding shallow seas. Its thickness ranges from 25-70km: the thickest parts are under young mountain belts.
Its composition varies hugely, with sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. This is because light continental crust is not “recycled” within the Earth, as the denser oceanic crust is. Therefore, much of the rocks above sea level have been through many cycles of erosion, formation into sedimentary rocks, and metamorphosis. Some continental rocks are 4 billion years old.
Tectonic forces have major effects on the continents - causing fragmentation, amalgamation and long-term movement, which results in the formation of new oceans & mountains, volcanism, and sometimes the creation of supercontinents. Also, new rock layers are constantly being added to the surface & margins of the continents.
Oceanic Crust
The oldest parts of the ocean floor are only 200 million years old, and covered with a thin layer of sediment. Its thickness ranges from 6-11km.
The oceanic crust is made up of dense basaltic lavas and related rocks. Because it’s denser, it is less elevated than the lighter continental crust.
New oceanic floor is constantly formed from mantle material within spreading ridges (long rifts). The mantle is continually rising, heating and expanding the rocks above it to form an elevated submarine mountain chain. This causes the oceanic plates on each side of the rift to move apart. Basaltic lava erupts from fissures & cones, and cools to form new oceanic floor, which has numerous volcanoes sprouting up through it. These volcanoes can grow big enough to rise above sea level. They can also form chains of volcanic islands, in places where the crust is moving over a semi-permanent mantle hotspot plume.
The flip-side of the spreading ridges are the subduction zones, where oceanic crust descends into the mantle, at the same rate that it is created at the ridges.
Isostasy
Crustal blocks are “floating” on the mantle - this concept is called isostasy. Because the continental crust is lighter than the oceanic crust, it is buoyant (like an iceberg is buoyant in seawater). Of course, the more rock is above sea level, the deeper the crust’s “roots” will go - hence why continental crust reaches 70km deep into the earth below young mountain belts - well into the mantle.
The oceanic crust is thinner & denser, and has less buoyancy. Its equilibrium point is well below sea level, so it is hardly ever dry land. An exception is Iceland, which is raised above the sea by exceptional heat flow.
Source: Earth Sciences and This Figure: Tsunami travel time, in hours, for an earthquake sourced offshore the Kamchatka Peninsula. Note that the recent M7.4 earthquake did not raise a damaging transoceanic tsunami. Source: NOAA, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/ttt_coastal_locations/
A dangerous subduction megathrust ruptures once again
A magnitude 8.8 earthquake is a truly huge event. Earthquakes this large typically occur at subduction zones, along the shallowly-dipping megathrust fault that separates two converging tectonic plates. In a great (M8.5+) earthquake, we can expect several meters, locally up to tens of meters, of slip on a stretch of fault hundreds of kilometers long. The rupture itself might take several minutes, producing intense shaking with long duration. Areas along the coast and inland will have experienced very strong to severe shaking, and secondary effects like landslides and liquefaction are likely widespread.
In many subduction earthquakes, it is the tsunami that poses the greatest threat: the slip on the megathrust suddenly creates a vast bulge in the seafloor, which raises a similar bulge in the ocean surface; the waves raised as these elevated waters sink back down will spread outward in all directions, driven by the force of gravity.
The tsunami has already been recorded on video at Severo-Kurilsk. Such a tsunami raised at Kamchatka can be expected to reach Hawaii in six to seven hours, and California’s coastline a couple hours later. The map below is a model of tsunami travel times from NOAA for a generic earthquake offshore Kamchatka, and is a good representation of today’s event.
Many aftershocks are expected, including some that may exceed magnitude 7. There is also the potential that another large earthquake could be triggered on a nearby section of the megathrust fault.
So, what do we know about this earthquake, specifically? So far, the details are still emerging. The earthquake occurred at 11:24 AM local time, so it was daylight and people were out and about. The USGS PAGER currently estimates that the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, population 187,000, experienced intensity VIII shaking (severe). Other nearby cities are smaller, and the shaking is estimated to be not as strong (mostly intensity VI-VII). PAGER estimates that casualties are possible, and significant economic losses are expected. Note that these are very preliminary results, and will updated as better constraints on the earthquake become available.