#stenograph

This is a Stentura 400SRT.

It's an older electric stenograph machine model, refurbished for student use.

[Image description: Photo of an electric Stenograph Stentura 400SRT Paperless Student Writer. The Stenoworks logo watermark is at the bottom left of the image. At the top of the machine are the black Platen Roller and the Paper Feed Roller. Below that is the cover/nameplate. An on/off switch and two indicator lights are at the top right of the nameplate. The first is green. Its label is to the left: a long line, with five dashes below it. Below the green indicator is a red indicator. Its label, to the left, reads: "DATA TRAN". Below the lights and switch are the words: Stentura 400SRT electric. Below that, the word Stenograph. Directly below the nameplate, on the left and right, are two horizontal Cover Release Levers. Even further below is the Stentura keyboard. At the top is a long bar called the number bar. Below that are 22 keys. At the lower left of this image is the Stenoworks watermark.]

It plugs into an outlet to keep power, has a removable battery, and uses a serial to USB adapter cable to connect to my computer. It's pretty old but sturdy and quite reliable.

The Front of the Machine

The cover of the machine, also called the nameplate, can be lifted up for further inspection and maintenance of the internal mechanisms. It also has a power switch and two indicator lights, one in green and one in red. Both flash or light up when set to different modes. If you wish to know more about the machine's various modes, please click this link to read the manual.

Below the cover are the keys of the machine.

Stenograph machines do not have the keys labeled in any way. This is to prevent writers from looking down at their hands when writing. Looking down at your hands while writing will ultimately slow you down, preventing you from reaching high speeds. This is sorta like how touch-typing is considered a faster way to type than looking down at your keyboard.

I will write a post summarizing the keys of the machine at some other point. Just know that each key doesn't represent individual letters but instead sounds, and that each stenograph machine has 22 keys plus a number bar. The keys at the far left and the middle of the machine are actually each one key, just with the appearance of being split in half.

The Bottom of the Machine

This part is not pictured, unfortunately. This is the area where you would install your external battery pack and your tripod.

[Image description: Photo of a stenograph machine tripod.]

Above is an example of a tripod. The underside of the machine has a hole for attachment. This lets you write with the machine between your legs rather than with it sitting on a desk.

My model also has a wire bar at the bottom used for writing at a desk or table while standing called the "Bench Conference Stand". This is typically used for bench conferences, wherein the plaintiff and defendants' team will speak with the judge but exclude the jury and anyone else besides the court reporter from overhearing.

The Paper Tape Mechanism

Pictured below, the top of the machine isn't something I personally use. According to the manual, the silver bar and attached lined roller are called the "Paper Feed Roller" and the black roller it's grazing is called the black "Platen Roller". You might have already guess it, but this mechanism is used to print ink on what is called "paper tape".

[Image description: Close-up of the top of the Stentura. Middle of the image is the black Platen Roller and the Paper Feed Roller.]

Paper tape is just a very long sheet of paper you would use, before the task was automated using computers, to record your stenography notes. Stenographers would typically read directly from the paper in order to prepare transcripts or when asked to repeat, in verbatim, something that had been said in court.

[Image description: Photo of the back of the Stentura. Top, centermost part of the machine are the Paper Feed Roller, Platen Roller, and the paper apron. Below that is where you would, presumably, attach the paper tray. Bottom left of the machine is the 9-pin Communications port. On the bottom right, a hole for plugging your machine into an outlet. The Stenoworks website watermark is at the bottom left of the image.]

The above is a photo of the back of the machine. Underneath the paper feed roller is a barely visible silver landing strip called a silver apron.

On the bottom left is a 9-pin Communications port. You use that to connect the writer to your computer.

Then to the far right is a hole for connecting your machine into a power outlet.

In case you're curious as to how add paper tape to a stenograph machine, below are the steps:

Attach a paper tray to the back of your machine

Add paper to the tray

Take the top-most fold

Thread the paper between the black roller and the silver apron

Roll the black roller to "feed" the paper tape into it

When the paper comes up through the top of the roller, lift up the silver paper feed roller

Place the end of the paper coming up through the top underneath the paper feed roller

Pull the paper out a few inches

Place the top of the paper tray beneath the paper

For a video representation of these steps, below is someone adding tape to their own machine:

[Video description: A stenographer giving instructions and demonstrating how to load paper tape into their stenograph machine.]

Each depression of the keys, called a stroke, would print a letter or group of letters onto the tape. Below is what the paper tape's printout would look like using Plover's paper tape plug-in. The chords here spell out "hello world".

[Image description: Screenshot of the Plover paper tape plug-in. Top of the window has the Plover icon, which is a white asterisk on a green key. The window name is "Plover: Paper Tape". To the far right of the window name are the help (?) and cancel/exit (X) buttons. Below the window name is a drop-down menu labeled "Mode:". "Paper" mode has been selected. Below that is a line of the keys from the machine. The keys are: # S T K P W H R A O * E U F R P B L G T S D Z. Below that, in a white text box, are the following chords: H E L, O E, and W O R L D, each set on separate lines. At the very bottom of the window are four icons: a push-pin for pinning the window above other windows; a button with a capital and lowercase T for editing the font appearance; a garbage can for deleting what is on the paper tape; and a floppy disk for saving what you've written to the tape as a text file.]

The Longest Section: Inside the Machine

Below is an image of the internals of the stenograph machine.

[Image description: A photo of the inside of a Stentura 400SRT. All the parts that I could identify are labeled with a number. The parts are numbered from 1 to 17 in black text on top a black circle with a white outline. The Stenoworks website watermark is in the bottom left of the image.]

All the parts that I could identify with the manual are labeled with a number. After trying to write the image description for it, I decided that I should provide the names for each part below, then separately explain what each part is or does.

Parts Labeled

Cover Release Levers

key levers

blue Ribbon Advance knob

an unpictured red knob called the Depth of Stroke knob

an empty space where the Ribbon Cartridge would be installed when using paper tape

white Keystroke Pressure knob

green strip overlay with key adjustment screws

number bar lever

black Paten Roller

orange Platen Drive Gear

Platen Bearings

Manual Platen Advance Linkage

silver Paper Feed Roller

red Electric/Manual mode lever

machine handles

Cover/nameplate

An Explanation of Each Part

The first two things labeled in the image are the Cover Release Levers. You lift those horizontal bars/levers to release the cover and lift it up to reveal what's underneath. Then there are what I presume are just called the key levers.

Following that is the blue Ribbon Advance knob.

From what I understand after fiddling with the machine, each key depression and release causes this blue knob to automatically advance number 5, the ribbon cartridge, which typically contains a self-inking, continuous loop ribbon. This ensures the machine will continue to apply ink to the paper tape with every rotation.

Not pictured is a red knob called the Depth of Stroke knob.

You turn the wheel upward or downward to adjust how far down the keys go when you press them. There are ten settings available. Adjustment also lets you decrease or increase spacing.

To the far right of the blue Ribbon Advance knob is number 6, the white Keystroke Pressure knob.

Turning it lets you adjust the amount of pressure needed to press the keys.

Above where the ribbon cartridge would be, I think, is number 7, the key contact assembly.

The green overlay strip has all the keys of the machine labeled with corresponding screws above each one, called contact adjustment screws.

The number bar's screw is to the top-right of the others. The two big screws on either side are for removing the overlay.

You would insert a 0.35 inch Allen wrench into a screw. Then you would turn it after determining that the corresponding key's switch is in need of adjustment.

Immediately above the green overlay is number 8, the machine's number bar's lever used for printing numbers into the paper tape.

Above that is number 9, the black Platen Roller.

To the left is number 10, an orange knob called the Platen Drive Gear.

On either side of the Platen Roller are number 11, the Platen Bearings. They are a single frame, identifiable by the holes located at the center of each side. Those holes are specifically for lube.

Number 12 is the Manual Platen Advance Linkage, which is to the bottom-right of the Platen Roller. Above the Platen Roller is number 13, the Paper Feed Roller. Below that, not pictured, is the silver paper apron.

All these parts work in tandem to smoothly apply ink to the paper tape when a key is depressed, and then to advance the paper to the next available line when a key is released.

If you were using the Stentura with paper tape and an ink cartridge, you would also have to apply StenoLube1 to the Platen Bearings and Platen Drive Gear, and StenoLube2 to the Paper Feed Roller.

To the right of the Platen Roller is number 14, the red Electric/Manual lever.

You would typically change from one mode to the next when either trying to make adjustments to the machine's keys or when your machine is running low on battery and you have to switch to writing on the paper tape.

Number 15 looks like it's labeling two empty areas, but those are the handles for the machine. And of course, above all of these parts is number 16, the lifted cover/nameplate.

Keystroke Emulation

As you can see, each stenograph machine is a lever-based machine, just like a typewriter. Each key on the machine connects to an electronic switch.

After completing a stroke, the machine will send that input through the real-time cable connected to your computer. Software -- Plover or CAT (Computer-Aided Transcription) -- will emulate that stroke and translate it from shorthand into something else, presumably English or a command, using a dictionary.

Above is a screenshot of the Plover Dictionary Editor. You can filter by strokes or by translations. You use this pop-up to edit, add, or delete strokes from the dictionary. All Plover users are given a pre-named dictionary called "user.json".

Rather than editing the "main.json" dictionary, which is a free user-created dictionary distributed through downloading the program, you would typically make changes to other dictionaries, especially user.json. This is to ensure that if Plover were to be updated even if your main.json were to be accidentally overwritten, you would not lose your dictionary changes.

Production of a Chord

Below is an attempt I made on December 25th, 2022, to write the top 100 English words using a metronome set to 140 bpm.

The bottom right corner of the video shows the digital paper tape emulated by Plover. Each stroke is then translated into English, as demonstrated by my completion of the drill at the center of the video.