Grammar - conjugations
Just trying to remember a couple of conjugations that sound close together that I sometimes mix up.
One is the future form of gwneud:
Gwneud - to make/do//auxiliary verb
Gwna(f) i - I will (do/make) Gwnei di - you will [sing., informal] Gwnaiff e/hi/etc. - He/she/it/etc. will Gwnawn ni - we will Gwnewch chi - you will [pl./sing formal] Gwnân nhw - they will
In a pattern repeated across a few other forms, the negative and interrogative forms have a soft mutation on the first letter g, dropping it.
So ‘Will you...?’ becomes ‘Wnei di...?’, and ‘No, I won't...’ becomes ‘Na wnaf, wna i ddim...’
(The f at the end of wna is optional, there are a number of patterns where it may stay or be dropped entirely. Adre(f) -> home, bydda(f) -> I will (plain old future of 'bod').)
Wnei di'r gwely? Will you make the bed? Wna i ddim y darlun. I will not make the painting. Na wnân, wnân nhw ddim byd heddiw. No, they will not do anything today. Gwna i bopeth yn iawn. I will make everything okay.
Another is the conjugation of cael asking for permission
Cael - to get, obtain, be allowed to do/have something. (It's a versatile verb).
In the present tense, in non-literary Welsh, you would just use the auxiliary 'bod' as per usual, ‘dwi'n cael’, ‘rwyt ti'n cael’, etc. In using its future and conditional tenses, it amounts specifically to the connotation of asking and receiving permission. May I go? Can he stay? Will we be allowed to bring our own water bottles? Could I have one?
Future
Ca(f) i - I will/can get/have/am allowed/ Cei di - You ... [singular, informal] Ceith (N)/Caiff (S) e/hi/ac ati - He/she/it/etc. ... [3rd person sing.] Cawn ni - We ... Cewch chi - You [formal/plural] Cân nhw - They ...
*N/S are northern and south Walian dialect variants, but don't take anything as too set in stone. I'm not the authority on it, anyway.
Conditional
Cawn i - I could ... Caet ti - You [sing, informal] could Câi fe/hi/rhywun - [3rd person] could Caen ni - We could Caech chi - You [plural/formal] could Caen nhw - They could
The 'c' softens to 'g' when used in the interrogative, but the negative gets an aspirate mutation: 'c' -> 'ch'
Ga i fynd? May I go? Châi fe ddim aros. He could not wait. (Conditional, in the sense of 'there is no way that he could wait', rather than past tense, which would be 'chafodd e ddim aros'. Maybe the next sentence is a clearer example) Cawn i aros hwyr os caet ti gollwng fi adre yn dy gar. I could stay late if you could drop me in your car. Gawn ni ddod â'n poteli dwr ein hunain? Will we be allowed to bring our own water bottles? Cei, cei di un. Yes, you may have one. Na chaiff, chaiff hi ddim tocynnau i'r cyngerdd mor hwyr. No, she cannot/will not be able to get tickets to the concert this late.
