Nice day after the rain.
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Nice day after the rain.

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Conspiracy theorist Osian 🤔 The UK government blundering the Welsh/English alerts may have been a way to get people angry at the Welsh language..
10 minute study of an Aberystwyth beach
Harlech and Eryri. So far.
Selig
Moelwyn Mawr
Cadair Idris
Moelwyn Mawr again, but in the sun
No Rhinogydd this year due to the terrible wildfires.
One of the most lovely things about coming here is that the kids love coming on these tricky and demanding hikes with me. It is precious time together.
This evening in Harlech.

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A Welsh castle under Anglo-Norman rules
Carew Castle (Castell Caeriw, in Welsh) stands in the county of Pembrokeshire, in southwest Wales, dominating a tidal pond that connects to the River Caeriw. Its strategic location, close to the coast and the routes leading to Pembroke, made this place a point of great importance for centuries.
The origins of the site, however, go back much further than the medieval period, when what was the current castle, now abandoned, was built. Archaeological excavations have uncovered an Iron Age settlement there, with a five-moat fortification, as well as numerous remains of Roman pottery; it is also possible that during the High Middle Ages there was another fortified settlement.
The castle itself was born in the context of the Anglo-Norman conquest of Wales. After the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066, the Normans began to extend their rule into Welsh lands, and by the late 11th century Pembroke had become one of the centres of Norman power in south Wales.
Gerald of Windsor, an Anglo-Norman nobleman who served as governor of Pembroke Castle on behalf of King Henry I of England, played a prominent role in this process. Gerald received the lands of Caerew as a dowry when he married, around 1100, Nest ferch Rhys ap Tewdwr, the daughter of a Welsh prince; together they established the first Norman fortification there, probably still built of earth and timber.
The marriage of Gerald and Nest perfectly symbolizes the complex relationship between the Norman conquerors and the Welsh elites. Nest belonged to the dynasty of the princes of Deheubarth, while Gerald represented the new English power of Norman roots, and their descendants would end up linking themselves to the Carew family, which would give its name to the castle.
However, the couple lived through an episode that reflects the political instability of the time. According to the chronicles, in 1109 the Welsh prince Owain ap Cadwgan entered the castle at night, after starting a fire to create confusion, and took Nest away. Years later, Gerald would recover it, while Owain would die in battle in 1116.
Over time, the primitive wooden fortification was replaced by a stone construction. A significant part of the castle that still remains corresponds to the works promoted by Nicholas de Carew, who died in 1311, especially the east and west wings, which transformed Caeriw into a much more solid medieval fortress.
During the 15th and 16th centuries the castle underwent a new transformation. Rhys ap Thomas, a powerful Welsh nobleman who enjoyed the trust of Henry VII and Henry VIII of England, considerably enlarged and embellished the building, incorporating Bath stone windows and other architectural elements that gave it a more residential appearance.
The last major construction phase came with Sir John Perrot, who in the 16th century gradually converted Caerew into an Elizabethan-style mansion. He had the large north wing built, with enormous windows opening onto the pond, but he did not get to fully enjoy his new residence, as he died in the Tower of London in 1592 before the works were completed.
The final decline came during the English Civil War, in the 17th century. The castle, then owned by George Carew, declared itself a supporter of the king, but was successively occupied by royalist and parliamentary forces and changed hands four times; some parts, including the kitchens, were deliberately destroyed to prevent the enemy from reusing them.
After the Civil War, Caerew remained occupied for some years, but had already lost much of its military and residential function. The castle was finally abandoned in 1686 and began a long period of decline that would turn it into the imposing ruin that dominates the Pembrokeshire landscape today.
Castell Caeriw
El castell de Caeriw (Carew Castle, en anglès) s’alça al comtat de Pembrokeshire, al sud-oest de Gal·les, dominant un estany de marea que connecta amb el riu Caeriw. La seva situació estratègica, prop de la costa i de les rutes que conduïen cap a Pembroke, va convertir aquest indret en un punt de gran importància durant segles.
Els orígens del lloc, però, són molt anteriors a’època medieval, quan es va construir el que va ser l’actual castell, avui abandonat. Excavacions arqueològiques hi han descobert un assentament de l’edat del ferro, amb una fortificació de cinc fossats, així com nombroses restes de ceràmica romana; també és possible que durant l’alta edat mitjana hi hagués existit un altre assentament fortificat.
El castell pròpiament dit va néixer en el context de la conquesta anglo-normanda de Gal·les. Després de la conquesta d’Anglaterra per Guillem el Conqueridor el 1066, els normands van començar a estendre el seu domini cap a les terres gal·leses, i a finals del segle XI Pembroke es va convertir en un dels centres del poder normand al sud de Gal·les.
En aquest procés va tenir un paper destacat Gerald de Windsor, un noble anglo-normand que exercia de governador del castell de Pembroke en nom del rei Enric I d’Anglaterra. Gerald va rebre les terres de Caeriw com a dot matrimonial quan es va casar, cap al 1100, amb Nest ferch Rhys ap Tewdwr, filla d’un príncep gal·lès; junts hi van establir la primera fortificació normanda, probablement construïda encara amb terra i fusta.
El matrimoni de Gerald i Nest simbolitza perfectament la complexa relació entre els conqueridors normands i les elits gal·leses. Nest pertanyia a la dinastia dels prínceps de Deheubarth, mentre que Gerald representava el nou poder anglès d’arrels normandes, i els seus descendents acabarien vinculant-se a la família Carew, que donaria nom al castell.
No obstant, la parella va viure un episodi que reflecteix la inestabilitat política de l’època. Segons les cròniques, el 1109 el príncep gal·lès Owain ap Cadwgan va entrar al castell durant la nit, després de provocar un incendi per crear confusió, i se'n va endur la Nest. Anys més tard, Gerald la recuperaria, mentre que Owain moriria en combat el 1116.
Amb el temps, la primitiva fortificació de fusta va ser substituïda per una construcció de pedra. Una part important del castell que encara es conserva correspon a les obres impulsades per Nicholas de Carew, mort el 1311, especialment les ales est i oest, que van transformar Caeriw en una fortalesa medieval molt més sòlida.
Durant els segles XV i XVI el castell va experimentar una nova transformació. Rhys ap Thomas, un poderós noble gal·lès que va gaudir de la confiança d’Enric VII i Enric VIII d’Anglaterra, va ampliar i embellir considerablement l’edifici, incorporant-hi finestres de pedra de Bath i altres elements arquitectònics que li donaven un aspecte més residencial.
La darrera gran etapa constructiva va arribar amb Sir John Perrot, que al segle XVI va convertir progressivament Caeriw en una mansió d’estil isabelí. Va fer construir la gran ala septentrional, amb enormes finestres obertes sobre l’estany, però no va arribar a gaudir plenament de la seva nova residència, ja que va morir a la Torre de Londres el 1592 abans que les obres s’acabessin.
La decadència definitiva va arribar durant la Guerra Civil anglesa, al segle XVII. El castell, propietat aleshores de George Carew, es va declarar partidari del rei, però va ser ocupat successivament per les forces reialistes i parlamentàries i va canviar de mans fins a quatre vegades; algunes parts, incloses les cuines, van ser destruïdes deliberadament per impedir que l’enemic les pogués tornar a utilitzar.
Després de la Guerra Civil, Caeriw encara va continuar ocupat durant alguns anys, però ja havia perdut bona part de la seva funció militar i residencial. Finalment, el castell va quedar abandonat el 1686 i es va iniciar un llarg període de decadència que el convertiria en la imponent ruïna que avui domina el paisatge de Pembrokeshire.
Today's Flickr photo with the most hits was taken at the Butterfly Centre at Rheidol.