Grammatical cases are hell. Why do they have to exist. Not only am I struggling to learn tens of thousands of words, you're telling me each of them has 4+ forms??? Unacceptable.
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Polish grammar has 7 cases. SEVEN! SIEDEM! Maybe this is why it’s such a basket case to learn? Eh? :P
Nominative (mianownik)- case of a noun which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb argument.
Genitive (dopełniacz)- case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun. It can indicate various relationships other than possession: certain verbs may take arguments in the genitive case and it may have adverbial uses.
Dative (celownik)- case used to indicate, among other uses, the noun to which something is given.
Accusative (biernik)- case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.
Instrumental (narzędnik)- case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
Locative (miejscownik)- case which indicates a location. Corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions “in”, “on”, “at”, and “by”. The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and separative cases.
Vocative (wołacz)- case used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed or occasionally the determiners of that noun.
Sanskrit has 3 genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), 3 numbers (singular, dual and plural) and 8 grammatical cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and vocative). The dictionary forms of Sanskrit nouns are uninflected, ‘raw’ forms of the word which define they way in which they are inflected depending on their gender. These are the main ways in which Sanskrit nouns are inflected-
* ः (ḥ) in the final position can be replaces with स् (s)
** sandhi rules mean in masculine and neuter nouns, the न (n) in instrumental, genitive and locative inflections becomes a retroflexive ण (ṇ) after a ृ (ṛ), ॄ (ṛṛ), र (r) or ष (ṣh)
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So here is the gigantic post dedicated to the cases of Zehzhik. This took me FOREVER to make lol. Each case has a description of what it is, its singular, plural, and numbered forms, and many examples that show their interaction with nouns that may change their form, including words ending in ⟨w⟩ or ⟨q⟩, if they are consonant-final or vowel-final, if they contain the ghost e ⟨ę⟩ and what happens depending on its location, if they are applicable for consonant mutation, and other differences. I hope you enjoy this post.
Before jumping in, here’s some vital information:
Weak vs Strong cases: Some cases are weak, strong, weakening (strong singular, weak plural), and strengthening (weak singular, strong plural). In cases that are weak, consonant gradation occurs. Consonant gradation list can be found here.
Number types: Zehzhik employs a base 60 number system and a plurality system where numbered nouns are treated as separate pluralities; like a dual system but extending into infinity. The case of a word is modified to reflect the group the number applied to the noun falls into, in which there are 5 number groups; they are as follows:
Group A: 0 and multiples of 60
Group B: any multiple of 12 that isn’t also multiple of 60 (EXCEPT 12)
Group C: 1 and the number succeeding any multiple of 12 (EXCEPT for 13)
Group D: the 4 numbers succeeding the first number of any multiple of 12 (EXCEPT for 14-17)
Group E: any other number and 12-17
↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓ Under the cut is the full post ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓
Nominative
The nominative case (abbreviated NOM) marks the subject of the sentence.
Singular form: [unmarked]; strong case
Plural form: Nouns ending in a vowel end in ⟨-t⟩, nouns ending in a consonant end in ⟨-i⟩, nouns ending in ⟨j⟩ replace the ⟨j⟩ with ⟨i⟩, nouns ending in ⟨w⟩ replace the ⟨w⟩ with ⟨u⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ (depending on vowel harmony), and nouns ending in ⟨q⟩ replace the ⟨q⟩ with ⟨k⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-a-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ja-⟩ end with the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: hai, hait
Leht: leht, lehdi
Kuun: kuun, kuuni
Koitj: koitj, koidi
Sęra: sęra, srat
Dęn: dęn, dni
Svonję: svonję, svonji
Cxaagęi: cxaagęi, cxaajit
Taibw: taibw, taivu
Juq: juq, juk
Accusative
The accusative case (abbreviated ACC) marks the direct object of the sentence.
Singular form: [unmarked]; strong case
Plural form: Nouns ending in a vowel end in ⟨-t⟩, nouns ending in a consonant end in ⟨-i⟩, nouns ending in ⟨j⟩ replace the ⟨j⟩ with ⟨i⟩, nouns ending in ⟨w⟩ replace the ⟨w⟩ with ⟨u⟩ or ⟨ü⟩ (depending on vowel harmony), and nouns ending in ⟨q⟩ replace the ⟨q⟩ with ⟨k⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-a-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ja-⟩ end with the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: hai, hait
Leht: leht, lehdi
Kuun: kuun, kuuni
Koitj: koitj, koidi
Sęra: sęra, srat
Dęn: dęn, dni
Svonję: svonję, svonji
Cxaagęi: cxaagęi, cxaajit
Taibw: taibw, taivu
Juq: juq, juk
Dative
The dative case (abbreviated DAT) marks the indirect object recipient of the action (to/for).
Singular form: ⟨-e⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-ei⟩; weak case
Combined form*: ⟨-i-⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-imin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-i-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ia-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ija-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Examples (note: the third example is the combined* partitive-dative case):
Hai: haie, haiei … haiita
Leht: lehte, lehdei … lehdita
Kuun: kuune, kuunei … kuunita
Koitj: koitje, koičei … koičita
Sęra: sęrae, sraei … sraita
Dęn: dęne, dnei … dnita
Svonję: svonjęe, svonjei … svonjita
Cxaagęi: cxaagęie, cxaajiei … cxaajita
Taibw: taibve, taivvei … taivvita
Juq: juge, jugei … jugita
* The combined form used in conjunction with other cases, the dative case precedes all other cases
Peressive
The peressive case (abbreviated PERE) marks that the theme of an idea is accounted by the noun. It has the same meaning as “according to” or “by”.
Singular form: ⟨-ski⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-skeiv⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-šjimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-skeivet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ski⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-šjia-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-skeivja-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiski, haiskeiv
Leht: lehdski, lehdskeiv
Kuun: kuunski, kuunskeiv
Koitj: koičski, koičskeiv
Sęra: sraski, sraskeiv
Dęn: dęnski, dęnskeiv
Svonję: svonjski, svonjskeiv
Cxaagęi: cxaajiski, cxaajiskeiv
Taibw: taivuski, taivuskeiv
Juq: jukski, jukskeiv
Circative
The circative case (abbreviated CIR) marks that the the topic of an idea is the noun. It has the same meaning as about, of, regarding, pertaining to, concerning.
Singular form: ⟨o-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨o-⟩ with nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨o-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨o-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨o-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨o-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨o-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ end with the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: ohai, ohait
Leht: oleht, olehdi
Kuun: okuun, okuuni
Koitj: okoitj, okoidi
Sęra: osra, osrat
Dęn: odęn, odni
Svonję: osvonję, osvonji
Cxaagęi: ocxaagęi, ocxaajit
Taibw: otaibw, otaivu
Juq: ojuq, ojuk
Tö: ötö, ötöt
Genitive
The genitive case (abbreviated GEN) marks possession (of).
Singular form: ⟨-a⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ja⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-amin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-jabet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-a-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-aa-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-jaja-⟩ end with the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haia, haija
Leht: lehda, lehtja
Kuun: kuuna, kuunja
Koitj: koiča, koitjja
Sęra: sraa, sraja
Dęn: dna, dnja
Svonję: svonja, svonjęja
Cxaagęi: cxaajia, cxaagija
Taibw: taivva, taibuja
Juq: juga, jukja
Tö: töä, töjä
Adjectival Genitive
The adjectival genitive case (abbreviated GEN.[person].[num]) marks possession of a certain pronoun (of me/you/he/she/it/we/they/etc).
Singular form (all cases weak):
First person singular: ⟨-ęm⟩
Second person singular: ⟨-si⟩
Third person human singular: ⟨-(i)h⟩
Third person animate singular: ⟨-jos⟩
Third person inanimate singular: ⟨-ië⟩
First person inclusive plural: ⟨-äin⟩
First person exclusive plural: ⟨-äinin⟩
Second person plural: ⟨-öit⟩
Third person human plural: ⟨-idäi⟩
Third person animate plural: ⟨-ęxšä⟩
Third person inanimate plural: ⟨-eðo⟩
Plural form (all cases weak):
First person singular: ⟨-mi⟩
Second person singular: ⟨-sit⟩
Third person human singular: ⟨-ši⟩
Third person animate singular: ⟨-joi⟩
Third person inanimate singular: ⟨-iah⟩
First person inclusive plural: ⟨-äini⟩
First person exclusive plural: ⟨-äinini⟩
Second person plural: ⟨-öiði⟩
Third person human plural: ⟨-iðäih⟩
Third person animate plural: ⟨-äših⟩
Third person inanimate plural: ⟨-üði⟩
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-[singular form]-⟩ + ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-[plural form]-⟩ + ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-[singular form]-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-[singular form]-⟩ + ⟨-a-⟩ end with the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-[plural form]-⟩ + ⟨-ja-⟩ end with the number; weak case
The distributive case (abbreviated DISTR) is used on nouns for the meanings of per or each.
Singular form: ⟨-ič⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-išt⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ičmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-ištvet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ič-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-iča-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-išča-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haiič, haiišt
Leht: lehtič, lehtišt
Kuun: kuunič, kuuništ
Koitj: koitjič, koitjišt
Sęra: sraič, sraišt
Dęn: dnič, dništ
Svonję: svonjič, svonjišt
Cxaagęi: cxaagiič, cxaagiišt
Taibw: taibvič, taibvišt
Juq: jugič, jugišt
Partitive
The partitive case (abbreviated PVT) marks “partialness”, “without result”, or “without specific identity”.
Singular form: if the noun is applicable for consonant mutation, ⟨-a⟩, if not ⟨-ta⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-at⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-(t)amin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-advet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-(t)a-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-(t)aa-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-atja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haita, haiat
Leht: lehta, lehtat
Kuun: kuunta, kuunat
Koitj: koitja, koitjat
Sęra: sęraa (srata), sęraat (sraat)
Dęn: dęna (dęnta), dęnat (dnat)
Svonję: svonjta (svonjęa), svonjat
Cxaagęi: cxaagia, cxaagiat
Taibw: taibva, taibvat
Juq: jukta, jugat
Tö: tötä, töät
Instrumental
The instrumental case (abbreviated INS) marks that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action (with/via).
Singular form: ⟨-va⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-voi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-vamin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-voibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-va-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-vaa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-voija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiva, haivoi
Leht: lehdva, lehdvoi
Kuun: kuunva, kuunvoi
Koitj: koičva, koičvoi
Sęra: srava, sravoi
Dęn: dęnva, dęnvoi
Svonję: svonjva, svonjvoi
Cxaagęi: cxaajiva, cxaajivoi
Taibw: taivuva, taivuvoi
Juq: jukva, jukvoi
Tö: tövä, tövöi
Comitative
The comitative case (abbreviated COM) is a grammatical case that denotes accompaniment (with).
Singular form: ⟨s-⟩, ⟨so-⟩ when preceding ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, and hard consonant clusters; strong case
Plural form: ⟨s-⟩, ⟨so-⟩ when preceding ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, and hard consonant clusters, and ending with ⟨-h⟩, ⟨-ah⟩ when following consonants; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨s(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨s(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-(a)hbet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: begin with ⟨s(o)-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨s(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨s(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-(a)hja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: shai, shaih
Leht: sleht, slehtah
Kuun: skuun, skuunah
Koitj: skoitj, skoitjah
Sęra: sosra, sosrah
Dęn: sdęn, sdnah
Svonję: sosvonję, sosvonjęh
Cxaagęi: socxaagęi, socxaagih
Taibw: staibw, staibuh
Juq: sjuq, sjugah
Säss: sösäss, sösässäh
Noninstrumental
The non-instrumental case (abbreviated NINS) marks that a noun isn’t the instrument or not the means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action (not with/via).
Singular form: begin with ⟨e-⟩, end with ⟨-ivä⟩; weak case
Plural form: begin with ⟨e-⟩, end with ⟨-ivöm⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨e-⟩, end with ⟨-ivämin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨e-⟩, end with ⟨-ivömmet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨e-⟩, end with ⟨-ivä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: begin with ⟨e-⟩, end with ⟨-ivää-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨e-⟩, end with ⟨-ivömjä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: ehaiiva, ehaiivom
Leht: elehdivä, elehdivöm
Kuun: ekuuniva, ekuunivom
Koitj: ekoičiva, ekoičivom
Sęra: esraiva, esraivom
Dęn: ednivä, ednivöm
Svonję: esvonjiva, esvonjivom
Cxaagęi: ecxaajiiva, ecxaajiivom
Taibw: etaivviva, etaivvivom
Juq: ejugiva, ejugivom
Abessive
The abessive case (abbreviated ABE) marks the lack of something (without).
Singular form: ⟨sei-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨sei-⟩ with nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨sei-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: begin with ⟨sei-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨sei-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨sei-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: begin with ⟨sei-⟩, end with ⟨-tja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: seihai, seihait
Leht: seileht, seilehdi
Kuun: seikuun, seikuuni
Koitj: seikoitj, seikoidi
Sęra: seisra, seisrat
Dęn: seidęn, seidni
Svonję: seisvonję, seisvonji
Cxaagęi: seicxaagęi, seicxaajit
Taibw: seitaibw, seitaivu
Juq: seijuq, seijuk
Inessive 1
The inessive 1 case (abbreviated INE1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “in/inside”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęssä⟩ (weak case) or ⟨v(o)-⟩* (⟨vo-⟩ when preceding ⟨v⟩, ⟨vh⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨fh⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨x⟩, and hard consonant clusters) (strong case);
Plural form: ⟨-ęssäi⟩ or ⟨v(o)-⟩ with nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨v(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨v(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨v(o)-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨v(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨v(o)-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haissa, haissai ; vohaia
Leht: lehdęssä, lehdęssäi ; vlehda
Kuun: kuunęssa, kuunęssai ; vkuuna
Koitj: koičęssa, koičęssai ; vkoiča
Sęra: srassa, srassai ; vsraa
Dęn: dnęssä, dnęssäi ; vdna
Svonję: svonjęssa, svonjęssai ; vosvonja
Cxaagęi: cxaajissa, cxaajissai ; vocxaajia
Taibw: taivussa, taivussai ; vtaivva
Juq: jugęssa, jugęssai ; vjuga
Tö: tössä, tössäi ; vtöä
* ⟨v-⟩ is used in combination with other cases that are suffixing (except the dative), or colloquially
Inessive 2
The inessive 2 case (abbreviated INE2) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “on [the surface of]”.
Singular form: ⟨-yst⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ydi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-yšjmin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-yðyvet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-yšj-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-yšja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ydija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiyst, haiydi
Leht: lehdyst, lehdydi
Kuun: kuunyst, kuunydi
Koitj: koičyst, koičydi
Sęra: srayst, sraydi
Dęn: dnyst, dnydi
Svonję: svonjyst, svonjydi
Cxaagęi: cxaajiyst, cxaajiydi
Taibw: taivvyst, taivvydi
Juq: jugyst, jugydi
Lative
The lative case (abbreviated LAT) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “to/towards [a location] / after”.
Singular form: ⟨k-⟩, ⟨ko-⟩ when preceding ⟨k⟩, ⟨g⟩, and hard consonant clusters; strong case
Plural form: ⟨k-⟩, ⟨ko-⟩ when preceding ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, and hard consonant clusters, and ending with ⟨-x⟩, ⟨-ix⟩ when following consonants; weak case
The elative 1 case (abbreviated ELA1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “from inside; out of; out from”.
Singular form: ⟨-so⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-sun⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-somin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-sumbet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-so-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-soa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-sunja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haiso, haisun
Leht: lehdso, lehtsun
Kuun: kuunso, kuunsun
Koitj: koičso, koitjsun
Sęra: sraso, srasun
Dęn: dęnso, dęnsun
Svonję: svonjso, svonjsun
Cxaagęi: cxaajiso, cxaagisun
Taibw: taivuso, taibusun
Juq: jukso, juksun
Tö: tösö, tösün
Illative 1
The illative 1 case (abbreviated ILL1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “into”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęn⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-ni⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęnnin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-nibet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęn-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęna-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-nija-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: hain, haini
Leht: lehtęn, lehtni
Kuun: kuunęn, kuunni
Koitj: koitjęn, koitjni
Sęra: sran, srani
Dęn: dnęn, dęnni
Svonję: svonjęn, svonjni
Cxaagęi: cxaagin, cxaagini
Taibw: taibun, taibuni
Juq: jugęn, jukni
Extressive
The extressive case (abbreviated EXTRE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “outside”. Varies from elative 1 as it carries no connotations of movement.
Singular form: ⟨-ęšši⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-šei⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęšimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-šeivet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęšši-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęšia-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-šeija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haišši, haišei
Leht: lehdęšši, lehdšei
Kuun: kuunęšši, kuunšei
Koitj: koičęšši, koičšei
Sęra: srašši, srašei
Dęn: dnęšši, dęnšei
Svonję: svonjęšši, svonjšei
Cxaagęi: cxaajišši, cxaajišei
Taibw: taivušši, taivušei
Juq: jugęšši, jukšei
Sublative
The sublative case (abbreviated SUBL) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “to under, unto”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęssu⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-sut⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęsumin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-sudvet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęssu-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęsua-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-sutja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haissu, haisut
Leht: lehdęssu, lehdsut
Kuun: kuunęssu, kuunsut
Koitj: koičęssu, koičsut
Sęra: srassu, srasut
Dęn: dnęssu, dęnsut
Svonję: svonjęssu, svonjsut
Cxaagęi: cxaajissu, cxaajisut
Taibw: taivussu, taivusut
Juq: jugęssu, juksut
Tö: tössü, tösüt
Adessive
The adessive case (abbreviated ADE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “near, by, among”.
Singular form: ⟨na-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨na-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨na-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨na-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨na-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨na-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨na-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: nahai, nahait
Leht: naleht, nalehdi
Kuun: nakuun, nakuuni
Koitj: nakoitj, nakoidi
Sęra: nasra, nasrat
Dęn: nadęn, nadni
Svonję: nasvonję, nasvonji
Cxaagęi: nacxaagęi, nacxaajit
Taibw: nataibw, nataivu
Juq: najuq, najuk
Tö: nätö, nätöt
Pertingent
The pertingent case (abbreviated INE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “against, touching, contacting”.
Singular form: ⟨-tan⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-ðani⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-tannin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-ðanibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-tan-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-tana-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-ðanija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haitan, haiðani
Leht: lehttan, lehdðani
Kuun: kuuntan, kuunðani
Koitj: koitjtan, koičðani
Sęra: sratan, sraðani
Dęn: dęntan, dęnðani
Svonję: svonjtan, svonjðani
Cxaagęi: cxaagitan, cxaajiðani
Taibw: taibutan, taivuðani
Juq: juktan, jukðani
Tö: tötän, töðäni
Ablative
The ablative case (abbreviated ABL) marks motion away from something.
Singular form: ⟨-joha⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-joixji⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-joghamin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-joišjibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-joha-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-joghaa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-joixjija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haijoha, haijoixji
Leht: lehdjoha, lehdjoixji
Kuun: kuunjoha, kuunjoixji
Koitj: koičjoha, koičjoixji
Sęra: srajoha, srajoixji
Dęn: dnjoha, dnjoixji
Svonję: svonjjoha, svonjjoixji
Cxaagęi: cxaajijoha, cxaajijoixji
Taibw: taivujoha, taivujoixji
Juq: jukjoha, jukjoixji
Tö: töjöhä, töjöixji
Allative
The allative case (abbreviated ALL) marks motion onto something.
Singular form: ⟨-ru⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-rom⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-rumin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-rommet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ru-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-rua-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-romja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: hairu, hairom
Leht: lehdru, lehdrom
Kuun: kuunru, kuunrom
Koitj: koičru, koičrom
Sęra: sraru, srarom
Dęn: dęnru, dęnrom
Svonję: svonjęru, svonjęrom
Cxaagęi: cxaajiru, cxaajirom
Taibw: taivuru, taivurom
Juq: jukru, jukrom
Tö: törü, töröm
Delative
The delative case (abbreviated DEL) marks motion from the top or surface something.
Singular form: ⟨-ęnne⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-noo⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęnemin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-noobet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-nne-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęnea-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-nooja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: hainne, hainoo
Leht: lehtęnne, lehtnoo
Kuun: kuunęnne, kuunnoo
Koitj: koitjęnne, koitjnoo
Sęra: sranne, sranoo
Dęn: dnęnne, dęnnoo
Svonję: svonjęnne, svonjnoo
Cxaagęi: cxaaginne, cxaaginoo
Taibw: taibunne, taibunoo
Juq: jugęnne, juknoo
Tö: tönne, tönöö
Locative 1
The locative 1 case (abbreviated LOC1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “at”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęllä⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ęlläi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ętlämin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ętläibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęllä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ętlää-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ęlläijä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: hailla, haillai
Leht: lehdęllä, lehdęlläi
Kuun: kuunęlla, kuunęllai
Koitj: koičęlla, koičęllai
Sęra: sralla, srallai
Dęn: dnęllä, dnęlläi
Svonję: svonjęlla, svonjęllai
Cxaagęi: cxaajilla, cxaajillai
Taibw: taivulla, taivullai
Juq: jugęlla, jugęllai
Tö: töllä, tölläi
Locative 2
The locative 2 case (abbreviated LOC2) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “from”.
Singular form: ⟨-(o)v⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-vi⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-(o)vmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-vibet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-(o)v-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-(o)va-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-vija-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haiv, haivi
Leht: lehtov, lehtvi
Kuun: kuunov, kuunvi
Koitj: koitjov, koitjvi
Sęra: srav, sravi
Dęn: dnov, dęnvi
Svonję: svonjov, svonjvi
Cxaagęi: cxaagiv, cxaagivi
Taibw: taibuv, taibuvi
Juq: jugov, jukvi
Subessive 1
The subessive 1 case (abbreviated SUBE1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “under / on the bottom of [contacting]”.
Singular form: ⟨-ri⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-rei⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-rimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-reibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ri-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ria-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-reija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: hairi, hairei
Leht: lehdri, lehdrei
Kuun: kuunri, kuunrei
Koitj: koičri, koičrei
Sęra: srari, srarei
Dęn: dęnri, dęnrei
Svonję: svonjęri, svonjęrei
Cxaagęi: cxaajiri, cxaajirei
Taibw: taivuri, taivurei
Juq: jukri, jukrei
Subessive 2
The subessive 2 case (abbreviated SUBE2) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “underneath / below [not contacting]”.
Singular form: ⟨-tu⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-siut⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-dumin-⟩ (⟨-ðumin-⟩ when following ⟨u⟩ or ⟨ü⟩) + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-siudvet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-du-⟩ (⟨-ðu-⟩ when following ⟨u⟩ or ⟨ü⟩) + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-dua-⟩ (⟨-ðua-⟩ when following ⟨u⟩ or ⟨ü⟩) + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-siutja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haitu, haisiut
Leht: lehdętu, lehdsiut
Kuun: kuuntu, kuunsiut
Koitj: koičtu, koičsiut
Sęra: sratu, srasiut
Dęn: dęntu, dęnsiut
Svonję: svonjtu, svonjsiut
Cxaagęi: cxaajitu, cxaajisiut
Taibw: taivutu, taivusiut
Juq: juktu, juksiut
Tö: tötü, tösiüt
Superessive 1
The superessive 1 case (abbreviated SUPE1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “on (top of) / upon / atop [contacting]”.
Singular form: ⟨-ksä⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ksöh⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęssämin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ęssöhbet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ksä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęssää-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ęssöhjä-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haiksa, haiksoh
Leht: lehdksä, lehtksöh
Kuun: kuunksa, kuunksoh
Koitj: koičksa, koitjksoh
Sęra: sraksa, sraksoh
Dęn: dęnksä, dęnksöh
Svonję: svonjksa, svonjksoh
Cxaagęi: cxaajiksa, cxaagiksoh
Taibw: taivuksa, taibuksoh
Juq: jukksa, jukksoh
Tö: töksä, töksöh
Superessive 2
The superessive 2 case (abbreviated SUPE2) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “above / over [not contacting]”.
Singular form: ⟨-ba⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-boi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-bamin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-boibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ba-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-baa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-boija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiba, haiboi
Leht: lehdba, lehdboi
Kuun: kuunba, kuunboi
Koitj: koičba, koičboi
Sęra: sraba, sraboi
Dęn: dęnba, dęnboi
Svonję: svonjba, svonjboi
Cxaagęi: cxaajiba, cxaajiboi
Taibw: taivuba, taivuboi
Juq: jugba, jugboi
Tö: töbä, töböi
Initiative
The initiative case (abbreviated INI) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “beginning from”.
Singular form: ⟨-uk⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-ugi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-umin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-ujibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-uk-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-ua-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-ujija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiuk, haiugi
Leht: lehtuk, lehdugi
Kuun: kuunuk, kuunugi
Koitj: koitjuk, koičugi
Sęra: srauk, sraugi
Dęn: dnuk, dnugi
Svonję: svonjuk, svonjugi
Cxaagęi: cxaagiuk, cxaajiugi
Taibw: taibvuk, taivvugi
Juq: juguk, jugugi
Tö: töük, töügi
Circumessive 1
The circumessive 1 case (abbreviated CIRCE1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “around, about”.
Singular form: ⟨-ak⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-ači⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-agnin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-ačivet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ak-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-agha-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-ačija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiak, haiači
Leht: lehtak, lehdači
Kuun: kuunak, kuunači
Koitj: koitjak, koičači
Sęra: sraak, sraači
Dęn: dnak, dnači
Svonję: svonjak, svonjači
Cxaagęi: cxaagiak, cxaajiači
Taibw: taibvak, taivvači
Juq: jugak, jugači
Tö: töäk, töäči
Intrative
The intrative case (abbreviated INTV) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “the centre of” or “between”.
Singular form: ⟨-sko⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-skaš⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-šjomin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-skašbet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-sko-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-šjoa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-skašja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haisko, haiskaš
Leht: lehdsko, lehdskaš
Kuun: kuunsko, kuunskaš
Koitj: koičsko, koičskaš
Sęra: srasko, sraskaš
Dęn: dęnsko, dęnskaš
Svonję: svonjsko, svonjskaš
Cxaagęi: cxaajisko, cxaajiskaš
Taibw: taivusko, taivuskaš
Juq: juksko, jukskaš
Tö: töskö, töskäš
Apudessive
The apudessive case (abbreviated APU) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “next to, the side of”.
Singular form: ⟨-kso⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-skavi⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęssomin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-skavibet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-kso-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęssoa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-skavija-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haikso, haiskavi
Leht: lehdkso, lehtskavi
Kuun: kuunkso, kuunskavi
Koitj: koičkso, koitjskavi
Sęra: srakso, sraskavi
Dęn: dęnkso, dęnskavi
Svonję: svonjkso, svonjskavi
Cxaagęi: cxaajikso, cxaagiskavi
Taibw: taivukso, taibuskavi
Juq: jukkso, jukskavi
Tö: töksö, töskävi
Antessive 1
The antessive 1 case (abbreviated ANTE1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “back of, behind”.
Singular form: ⟨ha-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨ha-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨ha-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨ha-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨ha-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨ha-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨ha-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: hahai, hahait
Leht: haleht, halehdi
Kuun: hakuun, hakuuni
Koitj: hakoitj, hakoidi
Sęra: hasra, hasrat
Dęn: hadęn, hadni
Svonję: hasvonję, hasvonji
Cxaagęi: hacxaagęi, hacxaajit
Taibw: hataibw, hataivu
Juq: hajuq, hajuk
Tö: hätö, hätöt
Postessive 1
The postessive 1 case (abbreviated POSTE1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “front of”.
Singular form: ⟨ro-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨ro-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨ro-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨ro-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨ro-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨ro-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨ro-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: rohai, rohait
Leht: roleht, rolehdi
Kuun: rokuun, rokuuni
Koitj: rokoitj, rokoidi
Sęra: rosra, rosrat
Dęn: rodęn, rodni
Svonję: rosvonję, rosvonji
Cxaagęi: rocxaagęi, rocxaajit
Taibw: rotaibw, rotaivu
Juq: rojuq, rojuk
Tö: rötö, rötöt
Proximessive 1
The proximessive 1 case (abbreviated PROXE1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “as close as”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęltä⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ęlläm⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęllämin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ętlämmet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęltä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęllää-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ęllämjä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: hailta, haillam
Leht: lehdęltä, lehdęlläm
Kuun: kuunęlta, kuunęllam
Koitj: koičęlta, koičęllam
Sęra: sralta, srallam
Dęn: dnęltä, dnęlläm
Svonję: svonjęlta, svonjęllam
Cxaagęi: cxaajilta, cxaajillam
Taibw: taivulta, taivullam
Juq: jugęlta, jugęllam
Tö: töltä, tölläm
Proximessive 2
The proximessive 2 case (abbreviated PROXE2) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “as far as”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęlkä⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-lhäi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ljämin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-lhäivet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęlkä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ljää-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-lhäijä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: hailka, hailhai
Leht: lehdęlkä, lehdlhäi
Kuun: kuunęlka, kuunlhai
Koitj: koičęlka, koičlhai
Sęra: sralka, sralhai
Dęn: dnęlkä, dęnlhäi
Svonję: svonjęlka, svonjlhai
Cxaagęi: cxaajilka, cxaajilhai
Taibw: taivulka, taivulhai
Juq: jugęlka, juklhai
Tö: tölkä, tölhäi
Contressive
The contressive case (abbreviated CONE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “opposite of, reflecting”.
Singular form: ⟨-þo⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ðai⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-þomin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ðaibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-þo-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-þoa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ðaija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiþo, haiðai
Leht: lehdþo, lehdðai
Kuun: kuunþo, kuunðai
Koitj: koičþo, koičðai
Sęra: sraþo, sraðai
Dęn: dęnþo, dęnðai
Svonję: svonjþo, svonjðai
Cxaagęi: cxaajiþo, cxaajiðai
Taibw: taivuþo, taivuðai
Juq: jukþo, jukðai
Tö: töþö, töðäi
Perlative 1
The perlative 1 case (abbreviated PER1) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “through”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęlli⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-liei⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ętlimin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-lieibet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęlli-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-ętlia-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-lieija-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: hailli, hailiei
Leht: lehtęlli, lehtliei
Kuun: kuunęlli, kuunliei
Koitj: koitjęlli, koitjliei
Sęra: sralli, sraliei
Dęn: dnęlli, dęnliei
Svonję: svonjęlli, svonjliei
Cxaagęi: cxaagilli, cxaagiliei
Taibw: taibulli, taibuliei
Juq: jugęlli, jukliei
Perlative 2
The perlative 2 case (abbreviated PER2) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “along”.
Singular form: ⟨-mek⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-mei⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-mehmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-meivet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-mek-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-megha-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-meija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haimek, haimei
Leht: lehtmek, lehdmei
Kuun: kuunmek, kuunmei
Koitj: koitjmek, koičmei
Sęra: sramek, sramei
Dęn: dęnmek, dęnmei
Svonję: svonjmek, svonjmei
Cxaagęi: cxaagimek, cxaajimei
Taibw: taibumek, taivumei
Juq: jukmek, jukmei
Perlative 3
The perlative 3 case (abbreviated PER3) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “across”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęč⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-čom⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęčmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-čommet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęč-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęča-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-čomja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haič, haičom
Leht: lehtęč, lehtčom
Kuun: kuunęč, kuunčom
Koitj: koitjęč, koitjčom
Sęra: srač, sračom
Dęn: dnęč, dęnčom
Svonję: svonjęč, svonjčom
Cxaagęi: cxaagič, cxaagičom
Taibw: taibuč, taibučom
Juq: jugęč, jukčom
Tö: töč, töčöm
Suressive
The suressive case (abbreviated SURE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “up of”.
Singular form: ⟨-ękkü⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-küö⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ękümin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-üövet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ękkü-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęküä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-küöjä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haikku, haikuo
Leht: lehdękkü, lehdküö
Kuun: kuunękku, kuunkuo
Koitj: koičękku, koičkuo
Sęra: srakkü, srakuo
Dęn: dnękkü, dęnküö
Svonję: svonjękku, svonjkuo
Cxaagęi: cxaajikku, cxaajikuo
Taibw: taivukku, taivukuo
Juq: jugękku, jukkuo
Tö: tökkü, töküö
Pessumessive
The pessumessive case (abbreviated PESSE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “down of ”.
Singular form: ⟨-ękka⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-kom⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ękamin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-kommet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ękka-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ękaa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-komja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haikka, haikom
Leht: lehdękka, lehtkom
Kuun: kuunękka, kuunkom
Koitj: koičękka, koitjkom
Sęra: srakka, srakom
Dęn: dnękka, dęnkom
Svonję: svonjękka, svonjkom
Cxaagęi: cxaajikka, cxaagikom
Taibw: taivukka, taibukom
Juq: jugękka, jukkom
Tö: tökkä, tököm
Dextressive
The dextressive case (abbreviated DEXE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “right of”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęttä⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-däv⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ętämin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-dävbet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęttä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ętää-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-dävjä-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haitta, haidav
Leht: lehdęttä, lehtdäv
Kuun: kuunętta, kuundav
Koitj: koičętta, koitjdav
Sęra: sratta, sradav
Dęn: dnęttä, dęndäv
Svonję: svonjętta, svonjdav
Cxaagęi: cxaajitta, cxaagidav
Taibw: taivutta, taibudav
Juq: jugętta, jugdav
Tö: töttä, tödäv
Sinessive
The sinessive case (abbreviated SINE) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “left of”.
Singular form: ⟨-ętti⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-tei⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ętimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-teibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ętti-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ętia-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-teija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haitti, haitei
Leht: lehdętti, lehddei
Kuun: kuunętti, kuuntei
Koitj: koičętti, koičtei
Sęra: sratti, sratei
Dęn: dnętti, dęntei
Svonję: svonjętti, svonjtei
Cxaagęi: cxaajitti, cxaajitei
Taibw: taivutti, taivutei
Juq: jugętti, juktei
Essive
The essive case (abbreviated ESS) marks the state of a noun as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time, with the basic meaning of “as a”
Singular form: ⟨-ev⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-evi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-evmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-evibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ev-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-eva-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-evija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiev, haievi
Leht: lehtev, lehdevi
Kuun: kuunev, kuunevi
Koitj: koitjev, koičevi
Sęra: sraev, sraevi
Dęn: dnev, dnevi
Svonję: svonjev, svonjevi
Cxaagęi: cxaagiev, cxaajievi
Taibw: taibvev, taivvevi
Juq: jugev, jugevi
Equative
The equative case (abbreviated EQV) marks the state of a noun as being similar to something else, with the basic meaning of “like”
Singular form: ⟨-iki⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-igei⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-iximin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ijeibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-iki-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ixia-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-igeija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiiki, haiigei
Leht: lehdiki, lehdigei
Kuun: kuuniki, kuunigei
Koitj: koičiki, koičigei
Sęra: sraiki, sraigei
Dęn: dniki, dnigei
Svonję: svonjiki, svonjigei
Cxaagęi: cxaajiiki, cxaajiigei
Taibw: taivviki, taivvigei
Juq: jugiki, jugigei
Antequative
The antequative case (abbreviated AEQV) marks the state of a noun as being dissimilar to something else, with the basic meaning of “unlike, opposite of”
Singular form: ⟨vä-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨vä-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨vä-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨vä-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨vä-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨vä-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨vä-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: vahai, vahait
Leht: väleht, välehdi
Kuun: vakuun, vakuuni
Koitj: vakoitj, vakoidi
Sęra: vasra, vasrat
Dęn: vädęn, vädni
Svonję: vasvonję, vasvonji
Cxaagęi: vacxaagęi, vacxaajit
Taibw: vataibw, vataivu
Juq: vajuq, vajuk
Tö: vätö, vätöt
Translative
The translative case (abbreviated TRANSL) marks a change in state of a noun, with the basic meaning of “becoming”, “change to”, “into [the role of]”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęnki⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ęnge⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęngimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ęngevhet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęnki-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęngia-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ęngeja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: hainki, hainge
Leht: lehdęnki, lehdęnge
Kuun: kuunęnki, kuunęnge
Koitj: koičęnki, koičęnge
Sęra: sranki, srange
Dęn: dnęnki, dnęnge
Svonję: svonjęnki, svonjęnge
Cxaagęi: cxaajinki, cxaajinge
Taibw: taivunki, taivunge
Juq: jugęnki, jugęnge
Exessive
The exessive case (abbreviated EXESS) marks a transition away from a state, with a basic meaning of “from being (the role of)”.
Singular form: ⟨-on⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-oni⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-onmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-onibet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-on-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-ona-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-onija-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haion, haioni
Leht: lehton, lehtoni
Kuun: kuunon, kuunoni
Koitj: koitjon, koitjoni
Sęra: sraon, sraoni
Dęn: dnon, dnoni
Svonję: svonjon, svonjoni
Cxaagęi: cxaagion, cxaagioni
Taibw: taibvon, taibvoni
Juq: jugon, jugoni
Tö: töön, tööni
Orientative
The orientative case (abbreviated ORTV) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “turned/facing to/towards”.
Singular form: ⟨-vel⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-veji⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-veimin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-vejibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-vel-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-veja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-vejija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haivel, haiveji
Leht: lehtvel, lehdveji
Kuun: kuunvel, kuunveji
Koitj: koitjvel, koičveji
Sęra: sravel, sraveji
Dęn: dęnvel, dęnveji
Svonję: svonjvel, svonjveji
Cxaagęi: cxaagivel, cxaajiveji
Taibw: taibuvel, taivuveji
Juq: jukvel, jukveji
Revertive
The revertive case (abbreviated REVTV) is a locative case carrying the basic meaning of “turned/facing from/away”.
Singular form: ⟨-ort⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-orri⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-orrmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-ořibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ort-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-orra-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-orrija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiort, haiorri
Leht: lehtort, lehdorri
Kuun: kuunort, kuunorri
Koitj: koitjort, koičorri
Sęra: sraort, sraorri
Dęn: dnort, dnorri
Svonję: svonjort, svonjorri
Cxaagęi: cxaagiort, cxaajiorri
Taibw: taibvort, taivvorri
Juq: jugort, jugorri
Tö: töört, töörri
Proessive
The proessive case (abbreviated PROE) marks a state of support for the noun, with a basic meaning of “for, pro”.
Singular form: ⟨za-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨za-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨za-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨za-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨za-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨za-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨za-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: zahai, zahait
Leht: zaleht, zalehdi
Kuun: zakuun, zakuuni
Koitj: zakoitj, zakoidi
Sęra: zasra, zasrat
Dęn: zadęn, zadni
Svonję: zasvonję, zasvonji
Cxaagęi: zacxaagęi, zacxaajit
Taibw: zataibw, zataivu
Juq: zajuq, zajuk
Tö: zätö, zätöt
Adveressive
The adveressive case (abbreviated ADVE) marks a state of opposition towards the noun, with a basic meaning of “against, con/anti-”.
Singular form: ⟨-öttä⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-ämmi⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ötämin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-ämivet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-öttä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ötää-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ämmijä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiotta, haiammi
Leht: lehdöttä, lehdämmi
Kuun: kuunotta, kuunammi
Koitj: koičotta, koičammi
Sęra: sraotta, sraammi
Dęn: dnöttä, dnämmi
Svonję: svonjotta, svonjammi
Cxaagęi: cxaajiotta, cxaajiammi
Taibw: taivvotta, taivvammi
Juq: jugotta, jugammi
Tö: tööttä, töämmi
Temporal
The temporal case (abbreviated TEMP) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “on, onto, at”.
Singular form: ⟨su-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨su-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨su-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨su-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨su-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨su-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨su-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: suhai, suhait
Leht: suleht, sulehdi
Kuun: sukuun, sukuuni
Koitj: sukoitj, sukoidi
Sęra: susra, susrat
Dęn: sudęn, sudni
Svonję: susvonję, susvonji
Cxaagęi: sucxaagęi, sucxaajit
Taibw: sutaibw, sutaivu
Juq: sujuq, sujuk
Tö: sütö, sütöt
Circumessive 2
The circumessive 2 case (abbreviated CIRCE2) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “around, about”.
Singular form: ⟨-okka⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-asei⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-okamin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-aseibet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-okka-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-okaa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-aseija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiokka, haiasei
Leht: lehdokka, lehdasei
Kuun: kuunokka, kuunasei
Koitj: koičokka, koičasei
Sęra: sraokka, sraasei
Dęn: dnokka, dnasei
Svonję: svonjokka, svonjasei
Cxaagęi: cxaajiokka, cxaajiasei
Taibw: taivvokka, taivvasei
Juq: jugokka, jugasei
Tö: töökkä, töäsei
Egressive
The egressive case (abbreviated ERGE) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “from, since, ago”.
Singular form: ⟨-ik⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-ixe⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ihmin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-išebet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ik-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-ixa-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-išeja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haiik, haiixe
Leht: lehtik, lehtixe
Kuun: kuunik, kuunixe
Koitj: koitjik, koitjixe
Sęra: sraik, sraixe
Dęn: dnik, dnixe
Svonję: svonjik, svonjixe
Cxaagęi: cxaagiik, cxaagiixe
Taibw: taibvik, taibvixe
Juq: jugik, jugixe
Terminative
The terminative case (abbreviated TERM) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “to, towards, until, for, by”.
Singular form: ⟨-ksi⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-kše⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ęssimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-kšebet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ksi-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ęssia-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-kšeja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haiksi, haikše
Leht: lehdksi, lehdkše
Kuun: kuunksi, kuunkše
Koitj: koičksi, koičkše
Sęra: sraksi, srakše
Dęn: dęnksi, dęnkše
Svonję: svonjksi, svonjkše
Cxaagęi: cxaajiksi, cxaajikše
Taibw: taivuksi, taivukše
Juq: jukksi, jukkše
Illative 2
The illative 2 case (abbreviated ILL2) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “in, into”.
Singular form: ⟨po-⟩ when preceding consonant, ⟨pa-⟩ when preceding vowel; strong case
Plural form: ⟨po-⟩ when preceding consonant, ⟨pa-⟩ when preceding vowel, with normal nominative plural ending; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨po-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨po-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨po-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨po-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨po-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: pohai, pohait
Leht: poleht, polehdi
Kuun: pokuun, pokuuni
Koitj: pokoitj, pokoidi
Sęra: posra, posrat
Dęn: podęn, podni
Svonję: posvonję, posvonji
Cxaagęi: pocxaagęi, pocxaajit
Taibw: potaibw, potaivu
Juq: pojuq, pojuk
Tö: pötö, pötöt
Ahta: paahta, paahdat
Prolative
The prolative case (abbreviated PROL) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “through”.
Singular form: ⟨-ęppi⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-van⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ępimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-vambet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ęppi-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ępia-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-vanja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haippi, haivan
Leht: lehdęppi, lehtvan
Kuun: kuunęppi, kuunvan
Koitj: koičęppi, koitjvan
Sęra: srappi, sravan
Dęn: dnęppi, dęnvan
Svonję: svonjęppi, svonjvan
Cxaagęi: cxaajippi, cxaagivan
Taibw: taivuppi, taibuvan
Juq: jugęppi, jukvan
Tö: töppi, tövän
Postessive 2
The postessive 2 case (abbreviated POSTE2) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “after”.
Singular form: ⟨pja-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨pja-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨pja-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨pja-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨pja-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨pja-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨pja-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: pjahai, pjahait
Leht: pjaleht, pjalehdi
Kuun: pjakuun, pjakuuni
Koitj: pjakoitj, pjakoidi
Sęra: pjasra, pjasrat
Dęn: pjadęn, pjadni
Svonję: pjasvonję, pjasvonji
Cxaagęi: pjacxaagęi, pjacxaajit
Taibw: pjataibw, pjataivu
Juq: pjajuq, pjajuk
Tö: pjätö, pjätöt
Antessive 2
The antessive 2 case (abbreviated ANTE2) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “before”.
Singular form: ⟨do-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨do-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨do-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨do-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨do-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨do-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨do-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: dohai, dohait
Leht: doleht, dolehdi
Kuun: dokuun, dokuuni
Koitj: dokoitj, dokoidi
Sęra: dosra, dosrat
Dęn: dodęn, dodni
Svonję: dosvonję, dosvonji
Cxaagęi: docxaagęi, docxaajit
Taibw: dotaibw, dotaivu
Juq: dojuq, dojuk
Tö: dötö, dötöt
Elative 2
The elative 2 case (abbreviated ELA2) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “out, off”.
Singular form: ⟨as-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨as-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨as-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨as-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨as-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨as-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨as-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: ashai, ashait
Leht: asleht, aslehdi
Kuun: askuun, askuuni
Koitj: askoitj, askoidi
Sęra: assra, assrat
Dęn: asdęn, asdni
Svonję: assvonję, assvonji
Cxaagęi: ascxaagęi, ascxaajit
Taibw: astaibw, astaivu
Juq: asjuq, asjuk
Tö: ästö, ästöt
Subessive 3
The subessive 3 case (abbreviated SUBE3) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “under”.
Singular form: ⟨-uksi⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-uksam⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ussimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-uksammet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-ussi-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ussia-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-uksamja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haiuksi, haiuksam
Leht: lehduksi, lehtuksam
Kuun: kuunuksi, kuunuksam
Koitj: koičuksi, koitjuksam
Sęra: srauksi, srauksam
Dęn: dnuksi, dnuksam
Svonję: svonjuksi, svonjuksam
Cxaagęi: cxaajiuksi, cxaagiuksam
Taibw: taivvuksi, taibvuksam
Juq: juguksi, juguksam
Tö: töüksi, töüksäm
Superessive 3
The superessive 3 case (abbreviated SUPE3) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “over”.
Singular form: ⟨-sva⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-svom⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-svamin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-svombet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-sva-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-svaa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-svomja-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haisva, haisvom
Leht: lehdsva, lehdsvom
Kuun: kuunsva, kuunsvom
Koitj: koičsva, koičsvom
Sęra: srasva, srasvom
Dęn: dęnsva, dęnsvom
Svonję: svonjsva, svonjsvom
Cxaagęi: cxaajisva, cxaajisvom
Taibw: taivusva, taivusvom
Juq: juksva, juksvom
Tö: tösvä, tösvöm
Proximessive 1B
The proximessive 1B case (abbreviated PROXE1B) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “as close as”.
Singular form: ⟨bso-⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨bso-⟩ with normal nominative plural ending; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: begin with ⟨bso-⟩, end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: begin with ⟨bso-⟩, end with ⟨-bet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: begin with ⟨bso-⟩, end with the number; strong case
Group D: begin with ⟨bso-⟩, end with ⟨-a-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: begin with ⟨bso-⟩, end with ⟨-ja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: bsohai, bsohait
Leht: bsoleht, bsolehdi
Kuun: bsokuun, bsokuuni
Koitj: bsokoitj, bsokoidi
Sęra: bsosra, bsosrat
Dęn: bsodęn, bsodni
Svonję: bsosvonję, bsosvonji
Cxaagęi: bsocxaagęi, bsocxaajit
Taibw: bsotaibw, bsotaivu
Juq: bsojuq, bsojuk
Tö: bsötö, bsötöt
Proximessive 2B
The proximessive 2B case (abbreviated PROXE2B) is a temporal and abstract case used for time and non-physical objects carrying the basic meaning of “as far as”.
Singular form: ⟨-seko⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-skov⟩; strong case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-seomin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-šjovet-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group C: end with ⟨-seko-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-seoa-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-šjovja-⟩ + the number; strong case
Examples:
Hai: haiseko, haiskov
Leht: lehtseko, lehtskov
Kuun: kuunseko, kuunskov
Koitj: koitjseko, koitjskov
Sęra: sraseko, sraskov
Dęn: dęnseko, dęnskov
Svonję: svonjseko, svonjskov
Cxaagęi: cxaagiseko, cxaagiskov
Taibw: taibuseko, taibuskov
Juq: jukseko, jukskov
Tö: tösekö, tösköv
Ornative
The ornative case (abbreviated ORN) marks that a noun is supplied or equipped with something
Singular form: ⟨-min⟩; weak case
Plural form: ⟨-bet⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-mimin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-beðet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-min-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-mina-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-beča-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haimin, haibet
Leht: lehdmin, lehdbet
Kuun: kuunmin, kuunbet
Koitj: koičmin, koičbet
Sęra: sramin, srabet
Dęn: dęnmin, dęnbet
Svonję: svonjmin, svonjbet
Cxaagęi: cxaajimin, cxaajibet
Taibw: taivumin, taivubet
Juq: jukmin, jugbet
Causative
The causative case (abbreviated CAUS) marks that a noun causes someone or something else to do or be something, or causes a change in state of a non-volitional event, with the basic meaning of “because of, due to”.
Singular form: ⟨-er⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-eri⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ermin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-eribet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-er-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-era-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-erija-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haier, haieri
Leht: lehter, lehderi
Kuun: kuuner, kuuneri
Koitj: koitjer, koičeri
Sęra: sraer, sraeri
Dęn: dner, dneri
Svonję: svonjer, svonjeri
Cxaagęi: cxaagier, cxaajieri
Taibw: taibver, taivveri
Juq: juger, jugeri
Evitative
The evitative case (abbreviated EVIT) marks that the noun is avoided or feared.
Singular form: ⟨-siäitek⟩; strong case
Plural form: ⟨-siäisen⟩; weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-siäitemin-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group B: end with ⟨-siäisembet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-siäitek-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group D: end with ⟨-siäiteä-⟩ + the number; strong case
Group E: end with ⟨-siäisenjä-⟩ + the number; weak case
Examples:
Hai: haisiaitek, haisiaisen
Leht: lehtsiäitek, lehdsiäisen
Kuun: kuunsiaitek, kuunsiaisen
Koitj: koitjsiaitek, koičsiaisen
Sęra: srasiaitek, srasiaisen
Dęn: dęnsiäitek, dęnsiäisen
Svonję: svonjsiaitek, svonjsiaisen
Cxaagęi: cxaagisiaitek, cxaajisiaisen
Taibw: taibusiaitek, taivusiaisen
Juq: juksiaitek, juksiaisen
Tö: tösiäitek, tösiäisen
Vocative
The vocative case (abbreviated VOC) marks that a noun is being addressed.
Singular form: ⟨-ʻo⟩ (masculine), ⟨-as⟩ (feminine); weak case
Plural form: ⟨-io⟩ (masculine), ⟨-asi⟩ (feminine); weak case
Numbered forms:
Group A: end with ⟨-ʻomin-⟩/⟨-asmin-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group B: end with ⟨-iovet-⟩/⟨-asvet-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group C: end with ⟨-ʻo⟩/⟨-as⟩ + the number; weak case
Group D: end with ⟨-ʻoa-⟩/⟨-asa-⟩ + the number; weak case
Group E: end with ⟨-ʻoja-⟩/⟨-asja-⟩ + the number; weak case
