Polish grammar has 7 cases. SEVEN! SIEDEM! Maybe this is why it’s such a basket case to learn? Eh? :P
Nominative (mianownik)- case of a noun which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb argument.
Genitive (dopełniacz)- case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun. It can indicate various relationships other than possession: certain verbs may take arguments in the genitive case and it may have adverbial uses.
Dative (celownik)- case used to indicate, among other uses, the noun to which something is given.
Accusative (biernik)- case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb.
Instrumental (narzędnik)- case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
Locative (miejscownik)- case which indicates a location. Corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions “in”, “on”, “at”, and “by”. The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and separative cases.
Vocative (wołacz)- case used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed or occasionally the determiners of that noun.
