based on Macpherson’s  English for Writers and Translators

1. Discourse Markers that Emphasize and/or Enumerate:

above all

and no one more (so) than

exactly

for one thing..., for another...

in particular

let alone

more importantly

more to the point

not least

not to mention

on the one hand..., on the other...

precisely

to say nothing of

what is more

 2. Discourse Markers that Express Certainty:

absolutely

altogether

beyond all/any doubt

beyond question

definitely

downright (informal)

indeed

nothing short of

unquestionably

 3. Discourse Markers that Express Doubt or Possibility

it is anyone's guess (informal)

it is quite likely that

it may well be that

it remains to be seen

presumably

 4. Discourse Markers that Introduce New Facts:

curiously enough, strangely enough

for that matter

for the record (informal)

in fact

in the event

it emerges that

it is a question of

it just so happens that

it transpires that

needless to say

...only to (be)

surprising as it may seem

that is/that's just the point

the fact is (that)

the thing is (that) (informal)

 5. Discourse Markers that Express Correspondence:

any more than

correspondingly

either

for his (her, their) part

in the same vein

in turn

respectively

similarly

sure enough (informal)

 6. Discourse Markers that Express Conditionality:

conditional upon

if only

in any case

in case

in case of

in the event of

irrespective/regardless of

irrespective/regardless of whether

no matter how, regardless of how

no matter whether

provided (that)

providing (that)

 7. Discourse Markers that Express Reference:

apropos (of) (rather informal)

as regards

as such

here

in connection with

in particular

in/with regard to

in respect of

in terms of

in this connection

in this regard

in this respect

on this point

on this score (informal)

talking about (informal)

with respect to

with special reference to

while on the subject of (informal)

 8. Miscellaneous

actually

all in all

as it is/was etc.

as such

by way of comparison

by contrast, by way of contrast

in theory... in practice...

let us suppose for the sake of argument that

namely

put simply

so much for (somewhat informal)

so to speak

still

strictly speaking

suffice it to say that

then

to the effect that

Say you meet someone new whose speech is peppered with likes and you knows and I means. Chances are, your first impression of this new person will not be a great one. We tend to associate likes and you knows with airheads and Valley Girls, not thoughtfulness. But new research is suggesting that we may have that backwards, because people who use a lot of “filler speech” actually tend to be more conscientious.

The researchers explain their findings, published recently in The Journal of Language and Social Psychology:

The possible explanation for this association is that conscientious people are generally more thoughtful and aware of themselves and their surroundings. When having conversations with listeners, conscientious people use discourse markers, such as ‘I mean’ and ‘you know,’ to imply their desire to share or rephrase opinions to recipients. Thus it is expected that the use of discourse markers may be used to measure the degree to which people have thoughts to express.

So I literally got this printed just so I could give it to one of my favorite professors after I graduate this spring 😂

Why am I like this 

Contoh / Examples:

khususnya specifically

umpamanya for example

terutamanya especially

misalnya for instance

contohnya / sebagai contoh for example

Akibat / Result:

dengan demikian thus

oleh itu therefore / hence

sebagai akibatnya as a result

jadi so

justeru for this reason, hence

Kesimpulan / Conclusion:

akhirnya lastly

kesimpulannya in conclusion

ringkasnya in summary / in a nutshell

pada hakikatnya in reality

pendek kata in short

Perbandingan / Comparison:

serupa dengan similar to

seperti juga like (similar)

sama juga dengan same

Pertentangan / Contrast:

walau bagaimanapun nevertheless

sebaliknya contrary

walaupun even though

meskipun despite

Tambahan / Addition:

tambahan pula / tambahan lagi additionally / on top of that

di samping besides

selanjutnya furthermore

Waktu / Time:

akhirnya finally

pada mulanya at first

sebelum itu before that

selepas itu after that

sementara itu meanwhile

semasa during

pada masa yang sama at the same time

kemudian afterwards

Tempat / Place:

berhampiran dengan nearby

bersebelahan dengan next to

By Christopher Mele, NY Times, Feb. 24, 2017

So, how do you, like, um, stop using verbal fillers that can make you sound, you know, nervous or not so smart?

Is there a name for this?

Communications experts describe “um,” “aah,” “you know” and similar expressions as discourse markers, interjections or verbal pauses.

They often occur when we are trying to think of the next thing we are going to say, Susan Mackey-Kallis, an associate professor at Villanova University who teaches public speaking, said in an email.

When stakes are high or we are nervous--in a job or media interview, or during a speech, presentation or conference call--we tend not to breathe as much and we talk faster, so our words get ahead of our thoughts, Lisa B. Marshall, a communications expert and the author of “Smart Talk: The Public Speaker’s Guide to Success in Every Situation,” said in an interview.

In some cases, the phrases are used to signal that you are about to say something and that the person listening should not interrupt, or that you are going to say something you want to emphasize, said Emily Tucker Prud’hommeaux, an assistant professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology and a leader of its Computational Linguistics and Speech Processing Lab.

“In fact, if you listen to someone use ‘like,’ you’ll sometimes notice that the next noun or verb or adjective that comes along sounds more prominent,” she said in an email. “You want the listener to pay attention.”

Does this make me sound stupid?

In short, everyone relies on verbal fillers.

Ms. Marshall said she had not seen any research attributing speech patterns to certain demographics but had noticed that “like” is used heavily by the younger generation, “so” by those in their 30s and “uptick” or “upspeak”--ending a declarative sentence in such a way that it sounds like a question--by women in their 20s and 30s.

Ms. Mackey-Kallis said “like,” as a speech affectation of young speakers, is perceived as “cool” or “generational speak.”

“You will notice that ‘like’ often infects the speech patterns of 20-somethings more so than the speech of 40-somethings,” she wrote.

“The use of the verbal pause ‘like’ conveys social solidarity among members of this age cohort, but is perceived as less intelligent by older listeners.”

If everyone does it, what’s the harm?

“Once you start into the pattern, it becomes a crutch,” Ms. Marshall said. It is not uncommon for people to use filler phrases such as “like,” “so” and “you know,” but it becomes a problem when the phrases are overused to the point of distraction.

It also matters when the speech “disfluency” occurs, Ms. Marshall said. If it happens before a thought is expressed, the speaker is more likely to be perceived as lacking confidence or competence, or as being unprepared. It if happens in the middle of a thought, the speaker is judged less harshly.

Speakers who are well known in their professions but overuse verbal pauses are still perceived as credible because they have built a reputation. Audience members will chalk up those habits to just the way they talk, Ms. Marshall said.

For instance, when Justice Antonin Scalia of the Supreme Court spoke, his “discourse was nearly always crammed with fillers,” Sean P. O’Rourke, director of the Center for Speaking and Listening at Sewanee: The University of the South, in Tennessee, noted in an email.

But newcomers who use as many interjections as seasoned professionals will be seen as less credible because they do not have the years of experience.

Andy Mangum, a speech instructor at Brookhaven College in Dallas, said in an email that “so” had become the new “like.”

“I noticed it happening frequently in interviews,” he said. “People are asked a question, and they preface their answer with an elongated ‘soooo. …’ It used to sound intelligent. Now, not so much.”

How do you, like, stop it then?

Awareness is the first step, Ms. Marshall said. She recommended that clients record themselves in conversations and listen to the recordings five minutes a day for two weeks.

“Trust me, after a week of listening, or recording and listening, you’ll have become acutely aware of your specific problems,” she wrote in a blog post. “You need to be able to hear your disfluencies in your mind before you blurt them out.”

Speakers need to relax and take a deep breath when finishing a thought. A focus on breathing will make it more difficult to introduce a wayward expression.

Substitute silence for the verbal fillers, Ms. Marshall added. That might be awkward at first, but it is better to have a moment of quiet than a distracting “you know” or “um.”