Mar 15
Soooooo....Polyphonte was technically the OG woman that chose the bear...in a whole other level that is!
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Soooooo....Polyphonte was technically the OG woman that chose the bear...in a whole other level that is!
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faustina major
Spartacus (1960)
THE DESCRIPTION OF SAINT ANTONINUS OF FLORENCE The Counselor, the People's Prelate and the Dominican Father of the Poor Feast Day: May 2
"In the case, in which, the Pope would become a heretic, he would find himself, by that fact, alone and, without any other sentence, separated from the Church. A head separated from a body cannot, as long as it remains separated, be head of the same body from which it was cut off. A Pope, who would be separated from the Church by heresy, therefore, would, by that very fact itself, cease to be head of the Church. He could not be a heretic and remain Pope because, since he is outside of the Church, he cannot possess the keys of the Church."
Anthony Pierozzi (also called de Forciglioni), was born on March 1, 1389, was soon nicknamed 'Antoninus' ('Little Anthony'), either because of his small stature or his weak health. Thus, began the life of the future saint born to noble parents - NiccolĆ² and Tomasina Pierozzi, in Florence, Italy. Being prominent citizens of the city, NiccolĆ² being a notary. His mother died when he was about five years of age. As a child, he spent time at the church of Orsanmichele.
The influence of the Dominicans on Antoninus' early life led him to seek admittance to the Dominican Order at the age of 15. Antoninus approached the prior of the convent in Fiesole, Brother John Dominic, with his request to be admitted to the Order. Perhaps noticing the weak health of the aspirant and not wishing to give an outright refusal to Antoninus' request, Brother John Dominic told him to come back once he had memorized the Decretum of Gratian, or the Code of Canon Law at the time. To the prior's surprise, the youth returned within the year having accomplished the task required of him. He was thus admitted to the Order.
The love and zeal he had as a novice never left Antoninus. He became a great reformer more by example than by word. Elected prior at a young age, Antoninus served as superior for many years. He, like his brother in St. Dominic, St. Thomas Aquinas, was concerned with the formation of the friars of the Order of Preachers. Hence, he prepared the Summa Moralis, a systematic and comprehensive presentation of Christian Moral Theology, which he wrote, as he said, during the summer and the winter of his life. Antoninus' writings treated the practical aspects of living the faith.
Antoninus' devotion to the Sacrament of Reconciliation and spiritual counsel earned him the title of Antoninus the Counselor. Such was his ability to instruct and to guide others.
Antoninus was also a prolific writer, authoring texts on moral theology, canon law, a guide for confessors, and a chronicle of the history of the world. Antoninus was also widely known and sought-out for his gift of counsel, earning the popular title - 'the Angel of Counsels.'
Antoninus was consecrated Archbishop of Florence on March 13, 1446, at the Dominican priory in Fiesole, on the initiative of Pope Eugene IV, who had come to admire him through his participation in the major church councils of the period. He came to win the esteem and love of his people, especially by his energy and resource in combating the effects of the plague and earthquake in 1448 and 1453. It was they who began the use of the diminutive form of his name which has come to prevail. Antoninus was unusual for his time not only in continually living in his diocese, but also in conducting yearly visits to every parish and convent by foot.
In art, Antoninus is often seen holding a set of scales. This is because of a miracle that tradition attributes to the saint. An inhabitant of Florence once brought the archbishop a beautiful New Year's fruit basket in the secret hopes of receiving a great reward. However, Antoninus simply thanked the donor and sent him away with the words: 'May God reward you.'
Because he received no reward, the man went off discontented. When Antoninus later learned of the man's discontentment, he called for him to come before him again. When the donor did, Antoninus had the fruit basket placed on one side of a set of scales and a slip of paper on the other side bearing the words: 'May God reward you!'
When this was done, the scales registered that the slip of paper far outweighed the fruit basket.
Antoninus accepted into the Order Brother John of Fiesole, the future artist, Fra Angelico. Having an eye for recognizing the gifts of others, Antoninus instructed Fra Angelico to prepare his own Summa Moralis, not in words but through his painting. Hence when the new convent of San Marco was built, Prior Antoninus had Fra Angelico grace each of the friarās cells with a painting based on a scene from the life of Christ.
After he was appointed Archbishop of Florence, Antoninus' residence became known as the hostel for the poor, such was his generosity and service for victims of poverty. His sensitivity to the needs of others led him to found the 'Men of St. Martin,' in order to offer quiet support to the wealthy who had become indigent. Hence, the Archbishop lived out the works of mercy.
St. Antoninus died on May 2, 1459. His funeral Mass was celebrated by Pope Pius II. The pope happened to be on his way to the Council of Mantua when he heard of the archbishop's death. The archbishop's wish was that he be buried at the priory which he had founded in the city.
He was canonized by Pope Adrian VI on Trinity Sunday - May 31, 1523.
Ancient baths.
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gratuitous picture of mumblelard basking
Qui se ultro morti offerant facilius reperiuntur quam qui dolorem patienter ferant.
- Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico Book VII, Ch. 77
Contrary to popular belief, Hadrianās Wall does not, nor has it ever, served as the border between England and Scotland.
Hadrianās Wall is located near the border between modern-day Scotland and England. It runs in an east-west direction, from Wallsend and Newcastle on the River Tyne in the east, traveling about 73 miles west to Bowness-on-Solway on Solway Firth. The wall took at least six years to complete after emperor Hadrianās call to build one.
The Romans first attempted to invade the island now known as Britain in 55 B.C., while under the rule of Julius Caesar.
Although Caesarās military maneuver was unsuccessful, the armies of the Roman Empire again made a move to conquer the island, which was populated and governed by various Celtic tribes, at the order of Emperor Claudius, in 43 A.D.
Claudius sent Aulus Plautius and some 24,000 soldiers to Britain, and by 79 A.D. they had gained control of the territory that now makes up Wales and southern England. However, they were still meeting fierce resistance from Celtic warriors in what is now northern England.
Under the rule of Emperor Vespasian, the Romans desperately wanted the region now known as Scotland to be part of their growing empire. However, the Scottish fighters, known as Caledonians, fought steadfastly.
It wasnāt until Roman soldiers, under the leadership of Julius Agricola, defeated the Caledonians, killing some 30,000 in 81 A.D., that the empire could consider at least part of Scotland under its control. Still, the Caledonians who survived Agricolaās onslaught fled into the hills and remained stubborn opponents of the Romans.
Over the ensuing decades the Caledonians continued to be troublesome, mounting numerous attacks on the northern outpost of the empire.
By the time Emperor Hadrian came to power in 117 A.D., the Romans no longer sought to expand their territory. Instead, they wanted to protect what they hadāfrom the Caledonians and others.
Under Hadrianās orders, the Roman governors of Britain began building the wall that would later be named for the emperor to defend the part of Britain they controlled from attack. In Hadrianās words, they wanted to āseparate Romans from the barbariansā to the north.
Scholars believe the wall may have also served as a means of restricting immigration and smuggling into and out of Roman territory.
Despite the significant undertaking in its construction, Hadrianās successor as Roman head of state, Antoninus Pius, abandoned the wall following the formerās death in 138 A.D.
Under Antoninusā orders, Roman soldiers began building a new wall some 100 miles to the north, in what is now southern Scotland. This became known as the Antonine Wall. It was made of turf and was roughly half the length of Hadrianās Wall, although it featured more forts than its predecessor.
Like the emperors before him, Antoninus was never able to truly defeat the northern tribes, and construction of the Antonine Wall was ultimately abandoned as well.
**It is easier to find men who will volunteer to die than to find those who are willing to endure pain with patience.
Historical July II: Spartacus (1960) - Part 2
Well, since this is Historical July...letās talk history.
The year is 73 BC! A group of up and coming gladiators are plotting their escape from a ludus, or gladiatorial school. At the time, gladiators were often slaves, forcefully brought into service and trained to become a skilled fighter in the arena. Sometimes, these were captives taken during a skirmish, and other times they were simply rebellious or otherwise notable slaves.
However, one of these gladiators is a bit different. Some say that heās simply a former slave from the region of Thrace. Others say that he was once a mercenary, who had grown up a slave and eventually become a Roman soldier, only to desert them and return to slavery. Either way, this Thracian man was known as Spartacus. And he was unsatisfied with his position in life.
The owner of the school is one Lentulus Batiatus, a man otherwise little known to history. He owned the ludus, located in Capua, just north of the great city of Naples. He presided over the school and its captives, and was likely there when the rebellion began. About 70 gladiators, Spartacus included, grabbed kitchen utensils and fought their way out of the school, grabbing weapons and armor along the way. Pro-tip for you ludus owvers out there: donāt let the trained fighters use fucking knives, and LOCK UP YOUR SHIT.
Now free, they rampaged throughout Capua, plundering as they went along and bringing more slaves into their growing force. Spartacus led, alongside Gallic slaves Crixus and Oenomaus, and thus began the Third Servile War. And yes, I SAID THIRD. Understand this: there are many rules of human history, immortal and immutable. And one of those rules is:
Slavery. Fucking. Sucks.
Yeah, itās a staple of history that slavery is an immoral, reprehensible, and shameful practice...that fuckinā EVERYBODY has done at some point in history. Yeah, some of the most talked about form of the institution is the American enslavement of African and Black Americans (which Iāll get to...eventually), but every major civilization has been built on the backs of slaves. And thatās not even saying that slavery is purely a thing of the past...but I digress. Back to the Servile Wars.
Yeah, one of the multiple slave rebellions throughout history, the Servile Wars were a series of slave rebellions against the Roman Republic, taking place from 135 to 71 BC. There were three of these, with the last taking place in Italy, and led by Spartacus and his posse. After their raids, they camped on top of Mount Vesuvius. Yeah. THAT Mount Vesuvius.
Meanwhile, in Rome, theyāre kinda freaking out. See, their armies are, like...GONE. Rome LOVED it some war, and they were fighting two separate ones at the exact same time! Tey didnāt really take this one that seriously, and lemme tell ya...they may have wanted to. They had one of their battalions COMPLETELY fucked by Spartacus and his boys, and they JUST. KEPT. WINNING. Spartacus was a great leader and tactician, and they used the resources they had very effectively throughout. However, soon enough, Rome started to take them a little more seriously.
Enter Marcus Licinius Crassus. Yup, heās real too. As is Glabrus, but his fate...weāll get to his fate. Crassus was the richest man in Rome, and he volunteered to end the rebellion with eight legions under his command. Which is a loooooot. He was a cruel general, and a terrifying taskmaster, and in 71 DC, he got his troops to surround Spartacus and his army. And how did it go? Well, I wonāt spoil the film, because itās actually surprisingly accurate! Yeah! Missing some details, but itās not a bad job. However...the ending of this film is technically not true, as far as we know. Additionally, thereās no proof that Varinia existed, and thereās also one very specific sequence that probably never happened...and itās the most iconic scene of the movie. But weāll get to that. For now, letās rejoin our people, as theyāre presented with one specific problem:
Part One is right here!