#accusative

verto -are -avi -atum, i/to turn is a transitive verb, so it needs an object.

however, like in english, you dont always turn something, sometimes you just turn. the way latin expresses that is

Argus ad cenam se vertit, Argus turns towards the food, but more literally Argus turns himself towards the food.

because when you turn around, you are both doing the action, and experiencing the result of the action. which is what the sole argument of an intransitive verb does.

now, in latin, this is just to account for the languages accusative alignment, but maybe in a clong descendant of it (or in your own clong) that has more ambitransitive verbs,

Argus sē vertit becomes Argussē vertit becomes Argissē creating an ergative case

puer (nom) → puessē (erg)

puerī (nom) → puerīsse (erg)

penna (nom) → pennasē (erg)

pennae (nom) → pennaesē (erg)

flūmen (nom) → flumense

flūminēs (nom) → flūminēsse (erg)

hoc (nom) → hossē (erg)

Pronouns can be used as an accusative to mark the direct object of an action, as in "me bañe y me vestí" ("I showered and dressed myself"), or in "te beso" ("I kiss you"). Simple enough, right? It's your standard accusative personal pronouns.

But here's the thing. They can also be used as dative when the action concerns someone even though they may not be its direct object. For example, you can say "se rompió" ("it broke [itself]"), which is an accusative, but you can also add a dative and say "se me rompió" ("it broke [itself] [on me]"). You could very well imagine, then, a mother warning their children "¡Se me van a matar si siguen brincando así!" ("You're gonna kill yourself [on me] if you keep jumping up and down like that!"). You could even say, so as to mark a personal affection for the action's direct object, "no se me ponga a llorar" ("don't you start crying on me").

Common verbs in German

Nominativ

Sein

Heißen

Akkusativ

essen - to eat

finden - to find

fragen - ask

haben - to have

hassen - to hate

hören - hear

lernen - learn

lieben - to love

sehen - to see

suchen - to look for

trinken - to drink

Dativ

helfen - to help

antworten - to answer

vertrauen - trust

zuhören - to listen

gratulieren - to congratulate

gefallen - like

gehören - belong

Schaden - to harm

Schmecken - taste

drohen - threaten

bedanken - thank

The direct object in a sentence is in the Accusative case

Answers : The action was done to what?

Der changes to den, Die and Das stay the same

The personal pronouns are

ich- mich

du- dich

er- ihn

wir- uns

Sie and es do not change.

The indirect object in a sentence is in the Dative case

Answers: The action was done to whom or for whom?

Die changes to der, Der and Das change to dem

The personal  pronouns for this case are

ich- mir

du- dir

er/es- ihm

sie (she)- ihr

wir- uns

sie (they)- ihnen

Prepositions can be in the dative case or the accusative case

Durch, für, gegen, ohne, and um are accusative