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What are the stars made of? At 25, Cecilia Payne answered this fundamental question in her Ph.D. thesis.
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APS Archives
What are the stars made of? At 25, Cecilia Payne answered this fundamental question in her Ph.D. thesis.
Amazing.

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anyway I love things like having independence, being intelligent, taking pride in my skills, not feigning incompetence, referring to myself as a woman instead of a girl, aging unapologetically, having pores, stretch marks, grey hairs, wrinkles and body fat, listening to my body's needs, eating as much as I need to satisfy my hunger, being bare-faced, wearing comfortable clothes, etcetera
im sorry but the idea that society "allows" women to express their feelings is ridiculous. which society do yall live in
are women encouraged to be sad? to grieve? to be angry? to be bitter? to be petty? are they encouraged to be emotional, or are they expected to be emotional and then called irrational hormonal bitches for it?
(some guy on the internet voice) it's so unrealistic and forced when women win fights against men in stories. of course, when a young boy defeats a huge man I'm cheering and screaming because it is so badass, and when a frail old man defeats a cocky young warrior I feel nothing but satisfaction. I love these power fantasies about easily dispatching people who underestimate you, a thing I desire despite the fact that I will likely never have the skill to achieve it in real life, but I'm pretty sure women don't have that same desire, and even if they do, they shouldn't get to see it in media. because it's so unrealistic, you see. I mean I'm smart enough to know I can't take down a big man in a fight but the women, you know, they'll get ideas. I could probably do it if I trained hard enough, but the women??? for some reason I can't see it happening, and who can say why that is.

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Did you know that after they switched to blind auditions, major symphony orchestras hired women between 30% to 55% more? Before bringing in âblind auditionsâ with a screen to conceal the the candidate, women in the top 5 major orchestras made up less than 5% of the musicians performing.
so I believe it was actually more complicated than that, in interesting ways. Because at first, when they did blind auditions, they were STILL hiring more men.
âŚThen they put down a carpet, so that high heels didnât clack on the floor, and BOOM women were suddenly getting hired.
The testers didnât even know thatâs what they were picking up on, which just goes to show how tiny of a cue it takes for misogyny to kick in.
The case of blind auditions for orchestras and how it dramatically changed the gender makeup of orchestras is a very illuminating example of gender bias, and an interesting possible way of countering it.
You can be sexist without knowing it. You can be racist without knowing it. This is not a moral failing; it is a moral imperative to remember that you are fallible, and take steps to limit the damage your squishy ape brainâs foibles can cause.
The final chapter in Malcolm Gladwellâs Blink (2005) describes this in detail.
What you donât usually hear about when discussing this blind audition process is that after the blind auditions were implemented, when women had gotten many positions in the orchestra, men no longer saw being a member as prestigious and the salaries for the entire orchestra dropped.
Whatâs wrong with wanting evidence and the legal foundation of presumption of innocence?
I donât believe this is a good faith question, but letâs go ahead and break this down.
When it comes to rape /sexual assault cases, there is an especially high burden of proof. Society has very misguided expectations of what would prove that a sexual assault has occurred.
Start with the people involved. Statistically, a person is most likely to be assaulted by someone they know. Because these people are known to the victim, itâs hard to prove that their presence at or near the time of the assault wasnât just happenstance.
Move on to DNA. Even if there is DNA evidence after a sexual assault, it only proves the presence of the person in question, not their motives or whether the activities involved were consensual. The DNA proof might be collected with a rape kit if the victim chooses to seek medical attention after the assault. But this is of course provided the rape kit is ever processed. The reality is that an astronomical amount of rape kits sit untouched for years or even decades. You can find information about the backlog in your home state here
In the United States, it is estimated that there are hundreds of thousands of untested kits in police and crime lab storage facilities simply waiting to be tested. Each kit represents a survivor who courageously submitted to the four to six-hour rape kit collection process and reported the rape to the police. Many of these survivors never receive any follow-up information after filing the police report.
So what if the victim is able to go to the police?  That should mean that something will be done, right?  Or at least that the police will take the report seriously?
Except they donât.  Studies have proven time and again that gender bias exists in law enforcement response to sexual assault.  Police have biases that play into whether or not they believe someone who reports a rape.  These biases often guide how far they are willing to let a case proceed or if they choose to ignore the report altogether. And these biases arenât shaped by any evidence or data. Â
Consider the following from this twitter threadÂ
"For victims of sexual assault who experienced penetration, reporting to the police appears to exacerbate the impact of the sexual assault and increase depression levels (Kaukinen & DeMaris, 2009)."
"Jordan...found that historically pervasive attitudes of mistrust in womenâs testimony continues to be evident in police processing of sexual assault cases." "A few studies...found that police often do not perceive non-stranger assaults as rape."
The legal system also a major part: "Martin (2005) argued that goals, missions, policies, and procedures play an important role in how legal organizations and their employees socially construct sexual assault and sexual assault-related work."
Officers claim they treat rape reports similarly, reality shows otherwise: "they simultaneously describe the implementation of different responses during interactions with victims. For example, officers may conduct light interrogations when a case is perceived as false..."
In one study interviewing both victims and police officers, they found 40% of the victims were questioned about their sexual historyâwhich is supposed to be banned thanks to rape shield lawsâand 38% of the officers admitted to doing it.
"As a result of these secondary victimization experiences, many victims reported feeling dehumanized and blamed themselves. Many victims noted that they would not have reported if they had known what the experience would be like."
"victims who are younger, an ethnic minority, raped by an acquaintance, or who wait to report the rape even for a few hours are less likely to have their cases prosecuted because the CJS perceives them as less credible."
We can see proof of police negligence in handling of sexual assault cases in studies like the one ProPublica did involving Marie Adler whose harrowing story was turned into Netflix series. Â
So letâs say thereâs a case that has all the ârightâ info. A passerby happens upon the scene while the rape is occurring and finds the rapist on top of the unconscious victim. The rapist is held until police arrive. The victim has bruises (internal and external) which are thoroughly documented . SURELY in this case justice will prevail right? Nope. The rapist, Brock Turner, was sentenced to 6 months in jail but released after serving just 3 months.   His father would decry even that pithy sentence as â A steep price to pay for 20 minutes of actionâ His victim, Chanel Miller, would be blamed for her own assault and have her actions that night and in general scrutinized.
And this is what victims can expect when they attempt to report a sexual assault or seek any kind of legal justice . Until recently, victims in many places could also be expected to pay for the rape kits used to collect evidence despite the fact that the kits so rarely see the light of day after having been collected, let alone ever actually lead to a conviction. Â
So the problem with asking for proof is that rape and sexual assault are crimes where the proof is often fleeting, can be all too eagerly dismissed as circumstantial or simply doesnât exist because the assailant was careful not to leave any evidence. Worse yet, bringing a case to trial means (as noted above) that the victimâs own life, sexual history and past choices are often found to be admissible evidence against them, even though these things are far less reliable than any proof of sexual assault.
The truth is that victims of rape and sexual assault are presumed guilty from the start. And even when they conquer the insurmountable odds that make up legal standard of proof, their assailant will most often never see the inside of a jail cell at all. That is the reality in which we live and the reason why rape and sexual assault are so pervasive. Â
Survivors deserve better. Â
-Spider
men be like the absolute most important aspect of feminism is giving 18 year old girls the freedom to sell porn onlineÂ
âThey asked me to tell you what it was like to be twenty and pregnant in 1950 and when you tell your boyfriend youâre pregnant, he tells you about a friend of his in the army whose girl told him she was pregnant, so he got all his buddies to come and say, âWe all fucked her, so who knows who the father is?â And he laughs at the good jokeâŚ. What was it like, if you were planning to go to graduate school and get a degree and earn a living so you could support yourself and do the work you lovedâwhat it was like to be a senior at Radcliffe and pregnant and if you bore this child, this child which the law demanded you bear and would then call âunlawful,â âillegitimate,â this child whose father denied it ⌠What was it like? [âŚ] Itâs like this: if I had dropped out of college, thrown away my education, depended on my parents ⌠if I had done all that, which is what the anti-abortion people want me to have done, I would have borne a child for them, ⌠the authorities, the theorists, the fundamentalists; I would have born a child for them, their child. But I would not have born my own first child, or second child, or third child. My children. The life of that fetus would have prevented, would have aborted, three other fetuses ⌠the three wanted children, the three I had with my husbandâwhom, if I had not aborted the unwanted one, I would never have met ⌠I would have been an âunwed motherâ of a three-year-old in California, without work, with half an education, living off her parentsâŚ. But it is the children I have to come back to, my children Elisabeth, Caroline, Theodore, my joy, my pride, my loves. If I had not broken the law and aborted that life nobody wanted, they would have been aborted by a cruel, bigoted, and senseless law. They would never have been born. This thought I cannot bear. What was it like, in the Dark Ages when abortion was a crime, for the girl whose dad couldnât borrow cash, as my dad could? What was it like for the girl who couldnât even tell her dad, because he would go crazy with shame and rage? Who couldnât tell her mother? Who had to go alone to that filthy room and put herself body and soul into the hands of a professional criminal? â because that is what every doctor who did an abortion was, whether he was an extortionist or an idealist. You know what it was like for her. You know and I know; that is why we are here. We are not going back to the Dark Ages. We are not going to let anybody in this country have that kind of power over any girl or woman. There are great powers, outside the government and in it, trying to legislate the return of darkness. We are not great powers. But we are the light. Nobody can put us out. May all of you shine very bright and steady, today and always.â
â Ursula K. Le Guin (via nightkitchentarot)
how insidious to make young girls buy hundreds of dollars worth of makeup, to force them to read up on its theory, to make them practice it for hours in order to escape mockery, to make them feel safe only when performing this hyper femininity, and then to even have the audacity to package it in feminist language so that they firmly believe it sets them free.
who called you out on your sloppy wings
I know you probably think youâre really witty, but I just want you to know that you, and all the other people who made that joke, prove my point exactly.

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My new favorite thing is journalism that treats the United States like we do other countries.
>largest population of labor camps
Iâm sure China would like a word
I believe this is referring to US prisons which would actually beat ChinaâŚand most other countries
And for anyone confused by âlabor campsâ
https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-labor-in-america/406177/
The Thirteenth Amendment forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, âexcept as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly c
It has to do with involuntary servitude as a punishment for crime being permitted in the 13th amendment.
thinkin about how more women die in car crashes because they design cars and crash dummies for average male bodies by defaultâŚÂ thinkin about how more women have negative effects from medication because toxicology studies tend to gather data from male bodies by default⌠thinkin about how more women die from heart attacks because we are only taught to recognize symptoms in male bodies by default⌠thinkin about how ignoring sex is literally a health crisisÂ
Hereâs something to chew on.
about me.jpg
honestly
In case you wanna read the article this quote is from: http://rolereboot.org/culture-and-politics/details/2016-05-daughter-know-ok-angry/
Adaptable girls find socially acceptable ways to internalize or channel their discomfort and ire, sometimes at great personal cost. Passive aggressive behavior, anxiety, and depression are common effects. Sarcasm, apathy, and meanness have all been linked to suppressed rage. Troublesome behaviors, such as lying, skipping school, bullying other people, even being socially awkward are often signs that a teenager is dealing with anger that they are unable to name as anger.
Girls, taught to ignore their anger, become disassociated from themselves.
Anger is so successfully sublimated that girls lose the ability to understand what it feels and looks like. Is her heart racing? Does she feel flushed or shaky? Does she clench her jaws at night? Is she breaking out in hives? Does she cry for no reason? Laugh inappropriately during difficult conversations? Fly off the handle over something that seems inconsequential? You can see where Iâm going hereâŚthose crazy girl hormones, right? Better to just think of it as a phase.
For too many women, however, the phase never ends. Itâs lives spent never expressing anger at all and believing that they donât have the right or ability to do so without great risk.
While anger in girls and women is overwhelmingly portrayed as irrational, it is, in fact, completely rational.
Girls learn to filter their existences through messages of powerlessness and cultural worthlessness. Girls might be more inclined to depression because coming to terms with your own cultural marginalization and irrelevance is depressing.
This doesnât mean giving children, girls or boys, a pass for violent, disruptive, or entitled behavior.
[But] girls need to knowâand should be told explicitlyâthat itâs alright to feel anger.
âWhat Iâm seeing from being very deep into tumblr is that the gaze has become so academic and hypercritical that everyoneâs afraid to do anything. The only way to never be âproblematicâ is effectively to be silent. Added to that, thereâs a lot of radical feminism (not âextreme feminismâ but a specific ideology separate from mainstream/liberal feminism) which is more Victorian and focuses on blaming women for the patriarchy because they werenât perfect moral guardians. This means that all fiction is expected to serve an aspirational/inspirational function, rather than other functions stories could have, like excitement, catharsis, exploring darker parts of the psyche, etc. This means that weâre seeing a resurgence of the Utopian genre of fiction which was popular with women writers in the Victorian era, which basically exists to posit an ideal society, and equal parts inspire you to aspire towards it, and shame you for not being that perfect yet. Utopian/aspirational fiction isnât all badâthatâs what Star Trek was, after all. But as the sole form of acceptable writing, I find that incredibly limiting.â
â
from âI think the general mindset and culture of Tumblr is effecting what people choose to write about in ficâ (via fanlore.org)
^ THIS. (via swiftsnowmane)

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the fact women are viewed as being more sexy at 15 than 40 is the creepiest thing in the world
Horrifying really
Looking through the notes, and people seem to be justifying this as evolutionary biology. They believe that human females are most fertile at the age of 15. Considering your body isnât even done growing at this age, I find this incredibly hard to believe. Really? The best time for you to push a baby out of your vagina is when your periods probably arenât even regular yet? Like the younger you are, the more likely you are to DIE from child birth. Well anyway, most websites claim youâre most fertile in your 20s, peaking at 27⌠So congrats on trying to blatantly justify pedophilia by using bullshit science.
Pregnancy/maternal issues is the LEADING killer of girls aged 15-19 globally. Not only is â15 year olds are more fertileâ a creepy, pedophilic belief, itâs also an extremely dangerous one.
âWhy do you beat yourself up so much over little mistakes?â