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She got the idea for the study while walking with her advisor at Stanford to discuss her thesis topic, and the paper she eventually published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology in 2014 is sharp enough that it should have ended the seated meeting on the day it came out.
She ran 4 experiments on 176 people. Same person tested twice. Once sitting, once walking. The creativity tasks were the standard ones psychologists have used for decades to measure how good a brain is at generating novel useful ideas.
81% of participants in the first experiment produced more creative ideas while walking than while sitting. In the second experiment, 88%. In the third, 100%. Every single person walked into a more creative version of themselves. On average, people generated 60% more novel useful ideas the moment their legs started moving.
The skeptical question is the obvious one. Maybe it was the fresh air. Maybe it was the scenery passing by. Maybe it was the change of environment doing the work, not the walking itself.
Oppezzo killed every one of those explanations with one experimental decision. She put people on a treadmill facing a blank wall. No scenery. No fresh air. No environmental change. Just legs moving in place while staring at white drywall. The 60% boost held.
Then she ran the experiment that closed the case completely. She took participants outside in two conditions. Half of them walked through a Stanford courtyard. The other half were pushed through the exact same courtyard in a wheelchair. Same outdoor stimulation. Same scenery passing at the same speed. The only difference was whether the legs were moving.
The walkers produced dramatically more novel high-quality ideas than the wheelchair group. The outdoors did almost nothing on its own. The walking did everything.
She also tested the opposite kind of thinking. Convergent thinking. The kind where there is one right answer and you have to narrow down to it. Word puzzles where 3 words share a hidden fourth word that connects them. The seated participants did slightly better on these. Walkers got slightly worse.
Walking is not a general intelligence enhancer. It does one specific thing. It opens up the divergent search inside your brain. The part that generates options. The part that produces unexpected connections. The part that takes a problem and finds five ways into it instead of one.
When you need to converge on the single right answer, sit down. When you need to find the answer in the first place, get up.
The mechanism is now well understood. Walking selectively activates what neuroscientists call the default mode network, the system inside your brain that runs when you are not consciously focused on anything. The DMN is where mind-wandering happens. Where memories cross-reference each other. Where ideas that have been sitting in separate folders inside your head finally bump into each other.
When you sit at a desk and force yourself to concentrate, you suppress the DMN. When you walk at a natural pace, the executive part of your brain gets just busy enough handling the walking that the DMN comes online and starts doing the work that focus was blocking.
The most useful finding in the entire paper is the one almost nobody quotes. The boost did not turn off the moment people stopped walking. Participants who walked first and then sat back down stayed elevated. Their next round of seated creativity work was still significantly better than people who had been sitting the whole time. The rest lingered for at least several minutes after the legs stopped moving.
You do not need to do creative work while walking. You need to walk before the creative work. The brain holds the state.
Edited down a long tweet. (x)
@BollingerTodd via X

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This Memorial Day, as we honor the brave who gave everything for our freedom, let’s remember: True leadership means never leaving our troops in harm’s way without the tools and resolve to win. From Grenada to Bosnia to the Middle East, I’ve seen it firsthand.
In a dangerous world with real threats like Iran, we must back our military 100% and reject the reckless disregard of the past.
God bless our fallen, our veterans, and the United States of America! As you fire up the grill next weekend, put the beer on ice, busting out your best burgers or steaks, please remember why we honor Memorial Day. I’m remembering several friends and colleagues. Today, I remember my friend, Mike Hodge.
My roommate and best friend, Mike was also an Air Force pilot. We met in C-141 initial pilot qualification in Altus, OK, and decided to rent an apartment together in downtown Charleston, SC. Two single guys, living in a cottage on one of the Antebellum homes South of Broad, flying around the world, and enjoying our bachelor lives. We’d walk to the Market area of Charleston, have a few drinks, and chat up the College of Charleston girls. It was an awesome life.
Mike died on takeoff from Sigonella, NAS in Sicily. He was flying a Navy mission to Nairobi, Kenya. On takeoff, they shelled an engine. The shrapnel penetrated the airframe and set pallets of hazardous cargo on fire. The pilots donned their oxygen masks but it was too late. They tried to execute an immediate return to the runway and were halfway through their turn. The fumes from the burning cargo overcame them. They never completed the turn and hit a mountain side. Everybody perished.
I received a call from our wing commander and walked across our apartment complex to inform his girlfriend. They’d just become engaged. Mike was dead. And then, I told his parents, who lived in nearby Columbia, SC. The most sorrowful moment of my long career.
A few weeks later, I flew to escort Mike’s remains to his internment in the national cemetery in Beaufort, SC. I presented the flag to his mother on behalf of a grateful nation.
I’ll be pouring one out for Mike. Til Valhalla, Mike.
What’s one way you’re honoring service this weekend? 🇺🇸
#MemorialDay #Veterans #USA
@PattersonBuzz via X