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All solar power systems work on the same basic principles. Solar panels first convert solar energy or sunlight into DC power using what is known as the photovoltaic (PV) effect. The DC power can then be stored in a battery or converted by a solar inverter into AC power which can be used to run home appliances. Depending on the type of system, excess solar energy can either be fed into the electricity grid for credits, or stored in a variety of different battery storage systems.

The three main types of solar power systems

1. On-grid - also known as a grid-tie or grid-feed solar system 2. Off-grid - also known as a stand-alone power system (SAPS) 3. Hybrid - grid-connected solar system with battery storage

First we will describe the common components used by all three types before going into more detail about the different systems and how they work.

Main Components Of A Solar System Solar Panels

Most modern solar panels are made up of many silicon based photovoltaic cells (PV cells) which generate direct current (DC) electricity from sunlight. The PV cells are linked together within the solar panel and connected to adjacent panels using cables. Note: It is sunlight or irradiance, not heat, which produces electricity in photovoltaic cells. Solar panels, also known as solar modules, are generally connected together in ‘strings’ to create a what is known as a solar array. The amount of solar energy generated depends on several factors including the orientation and tilt angle of the solar panels, efficiency of the solar panel, plus any losses due to shading, dirt and even ambient temperature. There are many different solar panel manufacturers on the market, so it worth knowing which are the best solar panels and why.

Solar panels can generate energy during cloudy and overcast weather, but the amount of energy depends on the 'thickness' and height of the clouds, which determines how much light can pass through. The amount of light energy is known as solar irradiation and usually averaged over the whole day using the term Peak Sun Hours (PSH). The PSH or average daily sunlight hours depends mainly on the location and time of year. Solar Inverter

Solar panels generate DC electricity which must be converted to alternating current (AC) electricity for use in our homes and businesses. This is primary the role of the solar inverter. In a ‘string’ inverter system, the solar panels are linked together in series, and the DC electricity is brought to the inverter which converts the DC power to AC power. In a micro inverter system, each panel has its own micro-inverter attached to the rear side of the panel. The panel still produces DC, but is converted to AC on the roof and is fed straight to the electrical switchboard.

Batteries

Batteries used for solar energy storage are available in two main types, lead-acid (AGM & Gel) and lithium-Ion.  There are several other types available such as redox flow batteries and sodium-ion but we will focus on the most common two.  Most modern energy storage systems use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and are available in many shapes and sizes which can be configured in several ways explained in more detail here.

Battery capacity is generally measured is either Amp hours (Ah) for lead-acid, or kilowatt hours (kWh) for lithium-ion.  However, not all of the capacity is available for use.  Lithium-ion based batteries can typically supply up to 90% of their available capacity per day, while lead-acid batteries generally only supply 30% to 40% of their total capacity per day to increase battery life.  Lead-acid batteries can be discharged fully, but this should only be done in emergency backup situations.

Off-grid solar systems require specialised off-grid inverters and battery systems large enough to store energy for 2 or more days. Hybrid grid-connected systems use lower cost hybrid (battery) inverters, and only require a battery large enough to supply energy for 5 to 10 hours (overnight) depending on the application.

On-Grid System

On-grid or grid-tie solar systems are by far the most common and widely used by homes and businesses.  These systems do not need batteries and use either solar inverters or micro-inverters and are connected to the public electricity grid.  Any excess solar power that you generate is exported to the electricity grid and you usually get paid a feed-in-tariff (FiT) or credits for the energy you export.  Unlike hybrid systems, on-grid solar systems are not able to function or generate electricity during a blackout due to safety reasons.  Since blackouts usually occur when the electricity grid is damaged;  If the solar inverter was still feeding electricity into a damaged grid it would risk the safety of the people repairing the fault/s in the network.  Most hybrid solar systems with battery storage are able to automatically isolate from the grid (known as islanding) and continue to supply some power during a blackout.  Batteries are able to be added to on-grid systems at a later stage if required.  

Off-Grid System

An off-grid system is not connected to the electricity grid and therefore requires battery storage.  Off-grid solar systems must be designed appropriately so that they will generate enough power throughout the year and have enough battery capacity to meet the home’s requirements, even in the depths of winter when there is generally much less sunlight.   The high cost of batteries and off-grid inverters means off-grid systems are much more expensive than on-grid systems and so are usually only needed in more remote areas that are far from the electricity grid.  However battery costs are reducing rapidly, so there is now a growing market for off-grid solar battery systems even in cities and towns.

Hybrid System

Modern hybrid systems combine solar and battery storage in one and are now available in many different forms and configurations.  Due to the decreasing cost of battery storage, systems that are already connected to the electricity grid can start taking advantage of battery storage as well.  This means being able to store solar energy that is generated during the day and using it at night.  When the stored energy is depleted, the grid is there as a back up, allowing consumers to have the best of both worlds.  Hybrid systems are also able to charge the batteries using cheap off-peak electricity (usually after midnight to 6am).

There are also different ways to design hybrid systems but we will keep it simple for now.

The battery bank.  In a hybrid system once the solar power is used by the appliances in your property, any excess power will be sent to the battery bank.  Once the battery bank is fully charged, it will stop receiving power from the solar system.  The energy from the battery can then be discharged and used to power your home, usually during the peak evening period when the cost of electricity is typically at it’s highest.  

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There are a number of steps to follow when planning to power your home with solar energy. After choosing which option is best for you to use solar (see step 3), follow the steps afterward that apply to you. Your solar energy installer and local utility company can provide more information on the exact steps you will need to take to power your home with solar energy.

Investigate your home's energy efficiency

Assess your solar potential and any limitations

Assess your options for going solar

Estimate your solar electricity needs

Obtain bids and site assessments from contractors

Understand available financing and incentives

Work with your installer and utility to install the system and set up agreements

1. Investigate Your Home's Energy Efficiency Before starting the process of powering your home with solar energy, homeowners should investigate their energy use and consider potential efficiency upgrades. Homeowners should be well aware of their total electricity usage, and consider low-cost and easy-to-implement efficiency measures before choosing solar.  Explore the following resources to reduce your electricity use: Home energy audits: A home energy audit can help you understand where your home is losing energy and what steps to take to improve the efficiency of your home. Appliances and electronics: Use your appliances and electronics more efficiently, or consider investing in highly efficient products. Lighting: Switch to energy efficient lighting, such as LED light bulbs. Heating and cooling: If you use electricity to heat and cool your home, your heating and cooling needs will significantly affect the amount of solar energy you need. Weatherizing your home and heating and cooling efficiently will reduce the amount of electricity you need to produce with solar.

2. Assess Your Solar Potential Before deciding on the best way to use solar electricity at home, assess the potential solar energy that can be produced at your address. Because PV technologies use both direct and scattered sunlight to create electricity, the solar resource across the United States is ample for home solar electric systems. However, the amount of power generated by a solar energy system at a particular site depends on how much of the sun's energy reaches it, and the size of the system itself.  Several mapping services and tools are available to help you determine your home’s solar energy potential. Some of the services also offer information on the estimated system size, potential costs and savings, and local contractors. These tools are an excellent starting point and can help you determine whether your home is suitable for solar, and if not, the best path forward for still benefiting from solar. While these tools are helpful, they don't account for all of the variables that need to be considered for your particular system. For that, you will need to work directly with a solar installer who can provide an accurate assessment of your solar potential as well as detailed recommendations, estimates, and equipment expertise. Consider the following: Nearby shade trees. Contractors will also help evaluate shading, but also consider your own or your neighbor's trees that are still growing and could shade your system in the future. The age of your roof and how long until it will need to be replaced. If you expect to need a new roof within the next few years, you may want to consider making that improvement before installing solar. Neighborhood or homeowner association (HOA) restrictions or approval requirements. Some states now have "solar rights provisions" limiting the ability of HOAs to restrict solar installations or limit solar access. These provisions vary state to state, and by municipality; check into your own HOA covenants and state laws.

3.  Assess Your Options for Using Solar Purchasing and installing a system that you fully own and maintain is no longer the only option if you want to go solar.  Even if you rent your home or don't want to purchase a rooftop system, there are many programs will enable you to still benefit from solar electricity.   Below are some of the options available for using solar energy at home;  check with local installers and your utility for programs available in your area.

4. Estimate Your Solar Electricity Needs To help your contractor to provide recommendations for your system’s type and size, gather information about your home and electricity use.  

Review electricity bills to determine annual electricity needs.  Your usage will be shown in kilowatt-hours (kWh).  Review each month of the year;  you may use more electricity in some months than others (e.g., if you run the air conditioner in the summer).  Some utilities offer tools that can help with this review.

Consider any planned changes.  If you will be purchasing an electric vehicle or are planning a home addition, your electricity needs may increase.  If you are continuing to make significant changes to improve your home's energy efficiency, you may need less electricity than you used in the past.

5. Obtain Bids and Site Assessments from Solar Installers When researching installers, be sure to find qualified and insured professionals with the proper certification—the solar industry standard certification is from the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners.  You can also ask friends and family members who have recently gone solar for references and check online resources for reviews.  Before you make any commitments, ask for proof of licensure before working with an installer. There are also online tools that can help you easily find and compare solar installers. Obtain at least three bids for the PV system installation and make sure the bids are based on the same characteristics and metrics to enable comparison shopping.

6. Understand Available Financing and Incentives Small solar energy systems are eligible for a 30% federal tax credit through 2019.  The tax credit decreases to 26% in 2020, then to 22% in 2021, and expires December 31, 2021.   If you opt for a solar lease or power-purchase agreement, remember that you will not be eligible for this tax benefit, since you will not own the solar energy system.   You can search for additional state, local, or utility incentives on the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE).   In addition to incentives, be sure to explore all of the available solar financing options.  Every situation is different, and what is best for your property depends on a wide range of factors.  The Clean Energy States Alliance guide helps homeowners understand their options, explaining the advantages and disadvantages of each.  Also visit the Homeowner’s Guide to Going Solar for more financing options.

7. Work with Your Installer and Utility If you decide to install a solar energy system, your installer should be able to help you complete the necessary permitting and steps.   Your installer will determine the appropriate size for your system.  The size will be based on your electricity needs (determined in step 4) as well as the following:  

The site's solar resource or available sunlight

The system's orientation and tilt

The system's efficiency at converting sunlight to electricity

Other electricity sources, like a utility, a wind turbine, or a fossil fuel generator.

Your installer will also ensure that all equipment is installed correctly and oriented and tilted in such a way to maximize the daily and seasonal solar energy received and produced by your system.   Be sure you understand how billing and net metering will work, as well as any additional utility fees you will need to pay.

Portable solar panels are a bit of a mystery for a lot of people. And before I started researching and reviewing panels for myself, I had no idea why anybody would need a portable panel versus a fixed or permanent panel.

But as I’ve gotten into using solar power for things besides powering an attic fan or charging a cellphone, I’ve realized that solar panels are great for camping, RVing, and a host of other things. Those tend to be moving activities, however, so portable panels are a lot more practical.

When we hear or discuss solar power systems, there are always a few questions which pop-up in your mind.

Let’s discuss a few common questions encountered while buying a solar power system for your residential purpose:

What Size of Solar Power System Do I Need? The requirement of the solar power system depends upon the utilization of electricity at home. It is also related to your connection load provided by the regional discom. The size of the system is based on below aspects:

Household electricity needs Area of roof Location Angle of roof and load connection

How much Money will I Save by using Solar Power System? Solar power system will help to save money on electricity costs as long as you live in the same house for such a long time to recover the installation costs through savings on your power bill The cost of electricity is rising, so the more you can generate your power, the more you’ll be saving

The best part is, most of the panels last for 25-30 years; hence you can earn handsome returns for 18-20 years.

Your rate of return will be dependent financial and environmental variables. Some of these variables include:

How much you currently pay your utility for electricity The cost of the solar energy system How much energy your solar power system will generate every year The solar energy rebates and incentives you receive

Do I Need a Solar Storage Battery? There are different types of solar power systems, and grid-tie or On-grid solar power systems are the most common and vastly used by homes. These systems don’t need batteries and use standard solar inverters and connected to the public electricity grid.

An off-grid solar power system is not connected to the electricity grid and hence requires battery storage and designed so that it will generate enough power throughout the year and have enough battery capacity to meet the home’s requirement.

The high cost of inverters and batteries mean off-grid systems are much expensive compared to on-grid systems and hence are usually only needed in more remote areas that are far from the electricity grid.

Installations and Warranties The solar power system consists of solar power panels, a mounting structure, and a solar inverter with a computerized controller. A solar panel produces DC electricity from sunlight. Then the inverter converts the generated power into AC so that it can be used in a household.

Usually, solar power system warranty is offered for the panel, inverter, support equipment and others. Solar panels come with a warranty of 20-25 years. Its breakdown is as follows:

Ten years on the product

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What makes up a solar energy system? The main solar components that come with every solar power system or solar panel kit are:

Solar panels

Inverters

Racking (mounting system)

Batteries

You might be asking: How do these components convert the sun’s energy into usable electricity for your home or business? On this page, we’ll break down all the solar power components and parts that make up your solar system, and explain how they work.

SOLAR PANELS

Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. During this process, solar panels collect electrons from the sun’s light in the form of direct current (DC) electricity, which then pass through the inverter to convert into usable AC electricity (more on that below)

Individual panels are made of up several solar cells, which are silicon wafers that are wired together and held in place by the backsheet, frame and a pane of glass.

A panel string is a group of (typically 4-10) panels wired together in series, which then plugs into an input on a string inverter.

Your solar array refers to all the panels that make up your system. An array may contain one or more panel strings wired into a string inverter, or any number of panels individually paired with microinverters.

When you’re browsing solar panels, you’ll come across two types: monocrystalline or polycrystalline, and two different sizes.

Monocrystalline vs. polycrystalline

Monocrystalline (mono) solar panels contain solar cells which are cut from a single source of silicon.

Polycrystalline (poly) solar panels are created by melting smaller silicon fragments and blending them to create the solar cells. The blended nature of poly cells makes them slightly less efficient than mono cells, which means mono panels allow you to fit more solar in a smaller space.

While mono panels used to carry a higher price tag due to their increased efficiency, that is no longer the case. As companies have geared their production lines to focus on mono panels, more efficient manufacturing processes have brought the cost of mono and poly panels right in line with each other. Mono cells now represent about 75% of the panels on the market.