Заметки студента

Unit 9

1 Highly

Highly likely (весьма вероятно)/ highly unlikely (весьма маловероятно)/ highly unusual (весьма необычно)

Rain is highly likely tonight. It's highly unusual for her to be late. It's highly unlikely that they will change their minds. Such a sharp price increase is highly unusual. Scientists believe that a discovery is highly likely in the next few years. It's highly unlikely that we will receive an answer before Monday. His reaction was highly unusual for everyone. Given her experience, success is highly likely. Snow in May is highly unlikely in our climate. This archaeological discovery is highly unusual.

Highly successful (чрезвычайно успешный)/highly competitive (чрезвычайно конкурентный/соперничающий)/ highly profitable (чрезвычайно прибыльный)

The startup was highly successful. The pharmaceutical market is highly competitive. It's a highly profitable family business. His highly successful career inspires many people. You have to be highly competitive to get this grant. Last financial year was highly profitable for the company. Not every highly successful venture brings happiness. This contract tender will be highly competitive. Their new investment strategy was highly profitable. He is known as an athlete who is both highly successful and highly competitive.

highly controversial (весьма спорный),/highly recommended (настоятельно рекомендуемый) / highly effective (высокоэффективный)

6.1

1 The presidential visit kept everyone on their toes.

2 Rosetta shouldered the blame for the failure of the project.

3 I don't think Greg will ever win Rosie's heart; it's time he faced up to it.

4 The company had done so well that year that it agreed to foot the bill for a staff night out.

5 I'm glad I'm not the head of this team.

6 Eva has an eye for a bargain.

6.2

1 A decrease in savings goes hand in hand with inflation.

2 If a relationship hits the rocks, it is the end of that relationship.

3 If you say that someone is hopping mad, you mean that they are very angry.

4 If you run into difficulties or trouble, that means that you have difficulties or trouble.

5 I'd rather call it light reading.

6 If you talk about facing the facts, the facts are more likely to be unpleasant.

6.3

1 She got the job easily. She got the job.

2 He is in charge of the project team. He assists in the project team.

3 He came to a conclusion without thinking. Dad made a mistake.

4 He left the room without worries. He left the room with a burden.

5 I can hardly win. I can win, but it's unlikely.

6.4

1 Kieran's constant whistling is driving me crazy.

2 Sylvia is a first-class designer as she has a good eye for detail.

3 You mustn't shoulder the heavy task of redecorating the house all by yourself.

4 There is just a slim chance that Marek might pop in today.

5 The committee has some weighty matters to discuss on today's agenda.

6 When the results came out, Marco was thrilled to see his name heading the list of successful candidates.

6.5

1 'Run into trouble' means to have trouble. The play on words is based on the words 'athlete' and 'runs'.

2 'Fat chance' means to have almost no chance. The play on words is based on the words 'diet' and 'fat.

3 'Keep someone on toes' means to be very strict with somebody. The play on words is based on the words 'ballet and 'on toes.

4 'Foot the bill' means to pay the bill. The play on words is based on the words 'shoeworld co.' and 'foot'.

6.1

1 Martina Gonzalez has been staying (have stayed) in a rented flat since returning to Duenos Aires. We have stayed at this hotel a couple of times before.

2 All day, the police have been stopping (have stopped) motorists to question them about the accident. Good, the noise has stopped. I can start concentrating on my work again.

3 I haven't read any of Dickens' novels. I have been reading (have read) this book on astrophysics for hours and I'm still only on page six.

4 Dr Fletcher has been giving (has given) the same lecture to students for the last ten years. Mr Sato has given nearly a million pounds to the charity this year.

5 I did twenty lengths of the pool today. I haven't swum that far since I was at school. I have been swimming and I feel exhausted.

6 In recent years, companies have been putting (have put) increasing resources into internet marketing. The South African coal company has put the Calverton Mine up for sale.

7 An important file has disappeared from my office. Plants and vegetables have been disappearing (have disappeared) from my garden since we had new neighbours.

6.2

a Dr Petra Adams, the Director of the Centre

It's remarkable to think that since 1950 influenza has claimed more than fifty thousand lives in this country, and in 1957 alone around six thousand people died. But over the last twenty years we at the centre have been making (have made) considerable progress on understanding the illness. We have produced over a hundred books and articles reporting the results of our research and in 2012 they awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine to one of my colleagues. In our more recent work we have been looking (have looked/looked) into the effect of influenza on heart desease and we have also been exploring (have also explored/also explored) a possible link between climate chnage and the recent increase in the number of cases of influenza. It is a tragedy that the government has made (made) this decision now.

b Sabir Khan, the Opposition spokesperson for science

4.1

1 Before the interview, do your homework: find out as much as you can about the company and prepare answers to common interview questions.

2 If you can, do a trial run to practise how you will answer the interview questions.

3 You need to create a good first impression with the interviewers. Dress smartly and professionally.

4 Remember that your body language also plays an important role. Don't forget to smile! This will make you seem more friendly, and might actually boost your confidence too.

5 Make sure you greet your interviewer with a firm handshake. Make eye contact when you talk to them - look at them directly.

6 During the interview, describe all your relevant education and experience to show how you fulfil all the criteria for the job.

4.2

1 I'm afraid you'll have to speak up. I can hardly hear what you're saying.

2 We are recruiting people for our new branch in the city centre.

3 If we can't fill the post internally, we'll have to advertise externally.

4 If I get the new job, I will have to take on more responsibility, but I will get a salary increase.

5 I don't like working under pressure. I end up making mistakes.

6 As part of the programme of professional development, we would like to invite you to a session on project management.

4.3

1 Could you talk us through your previous experience in this field?

2 I think we should offer the position to Ruth. She seems an ideal fit for the team.

3 Employees are entitled to thirty days' paid leave.

4 The panel will include your future line manager.

5 They just called me to say I have been shortlisted for an interview.

4.4

1 Please find attached a document overlining your working conditions.

2 In some companies the notice period can be as much as six months.

3 I'm going to be working as a supervisor, in charge of a team of four people.

4 The company doesn't do any in-house training. It's all done externally.

5 My start date for the new job is the first of July.

1

Reporter Philip Taggart visits a farm where the sheep are super fit! Farmers, as you may know have been having (have had) a hard time of it in Britain lately, and are turning (have turned/have been turning) to new ways of earning income from their land. This involves not only planting new kinds of crops, but also some strange ways of making money, the most unusual of which has got to be sheep racing. Yes, you heard me correctly! A farmer in the west of England now holds sheep races on a regular basis, and during the past year over a hundred thousand people have turned up to watch the proceedings. 'I was passing the farm on my way to the sea for a holiday,' one punter told me, 'and I thought I'd have a look. I didn't believe it was serious, to tell you the truth.' According to a regular visitor, betting on sheep is more interesting than betting on horses. 'At proper horse races everyone has already studied the form of the horses in advance, and there are clear favourites. But nobody has heard anything of these sheep! Most people find it difficult to tell one from another in any case.' I stayed to watch the races, and I must admit that I found it exciting. In a typical race, half a dozen sheep race downhill over a course of about half a mile. Food is waiting for them at the other end of the track, I ought to add! The sheep run surprisingly fast, although presumably they haven't eaten for a while just to give them some motivation. At any race, the crowd around me were obviously enjoying (enjoyed) their day out at the races, judging by their happy faces and the sense of excitement.

2

1 This matter doesn't concern you.

2 In three years' time we will have completed this bridge.

3 What time is the train supposed to get here?

4 On this day thirty years ago, Liz and John got married.

5 Getting to work on time means getting up at six o'clock.

6 Who does this watch belong to?

7 This is the first time Cathy has been on holiday with her sister.

8 I have an appointment to see the dentist next Wednesday.

9 This will be the first time the team has played in the Champions League.

10 More people attended the fair than we had expected.

11 It was a month before I received the results of my test.

12 Several members of the class haven't returned their library books.

3

Our reporter, Sarah Hardie, goes to Otley Hall to experience a spooky weekend.

There have been signs of paranormal activity at Otley Hall at various times over the last two hundred years time. If tales of headless huntsmen and wailing nuns don't spook you out, do get this for a ghostly tale: a young Victorian man in a silver gown emerges himself from the garden, walks through the front door, whether or not will it happens to be open, and walks upstairs with a lantern, before vanishing in the library. If local folklore it is to be belived, he does this without fail at midnight on the sixth of September every year, this is being the date of the untimely death of one George Carpenter, the gardener of the hall, who met his doom in the library, had burned by his own lantern. Otley Hall stands three miles north of the town of Rugby, England, and that is reputedly the most haunted house in England, a claim which few who have never visited it would dispute. Even the approach to the hall is not much a journey to be undertaken by the faint-hearted; at one point an executioner emerges from the trees, was brandishing an axe, although it must be said that this practice ceases after September, when the hall is closed to visitors. My own visit revealed nothing more mysterious than such gimmicks, laid on for an ever-gullible flow of tourists, cameras been at their sides, eager to snap away at the first sign of anything even remotely unexplainable. But it was all having great fun, and the ghostly maze on the final day was terrific, even I never did get to see George Carpenter.

4

1 It's ages since I last had a good Chinese meal.

2 Funnily enough, I saw Bob quite often (recently) at the sports club.

3 I've loved you ever since the first day I set eyes on you!

4 How long ago was it that you lived in Inverness?

5 I've yetto see anyone who can dance as well as Anna.

6 Could you phone me the moment you arrive at the hotel, so I don't worry?

7 I promise to get everything ready by (for) eight o'clock at the latest.

8 I told Sue I had already finished my essay.

9 I'm sorry you've been waiting so long, but it will be some time before Ben gets back.

10 Just sit here, would you? The doctor will be with you soon.

5

1 This is my new boat. What do you think of it?

2 Who are you? What do you mean? I live here.

3 I can't find the keys. What have you done (did you do) with them?

4 Sorry I haven't fixed the plug. I was meaning (meant/have been meaning) to get round to it, but I haven't found the time.

5 What do you do on Saturdays?

6 I don't know what time we'll eat. It depends when Helen gets here.

7 I supported you at the time because I felt that you were right.

8 Peter couldn't understand what had been decided because too many people were talking at once.

9 Alice, I'm so glad you've got here at last. I have been expecting you all day.

6

Ask hundreds of people what they are planning to do on a certain day in August next year, or the year after, and there will be only one reply. Provided of course that the people you ask belong to the Elvis Presley Fan Club. Although the King of Rock and Roll died over four decades ago, his fans have been meeting (have met) every year since then outside his home in Memphis, Tennessee, to show respect for the singer they love(d) so much. Fans like Jean Thomas, from Catford in South East London. Jean has visited Gracelands, the house where Elvis suffered his fatal heart attack, twice in the past five years. 'The first time, I borrowed the money from my mum, as I wasn't working then. But two years ago I got married and since then I have been working(have worked) in my husband Chris's garage. Chris and I went together last year, and we are thinking of spending two or three months in the USA next year. I have always wanted to visit some of the places where Elvis performed, like Las Vegas for example.' Jean says that Elvis has been her obsession since she was ten years old, and she owns every single one of his records, good or bad.

7

1 Sam hadn't received the parcel the last time I spoke to him.

2 I was considering (had been considering) buying a house but now I have changed my mind.

3 When you feel(are feeling) hungry, room service will bring you whatever you want.

4 I found it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I had lost my ticket, but he believed me in the end.

5 Ever since I was a young child, I have been dying to meet you.

6 As soon as I have had a look at the designs, I will send them to you. You'll get them by Friday.

7 Whatever happens, I'll meet you here in a week's time.

8 By the time you (have) finished getting ready, we will have missed the train!

9 Sally! I didn't expect (wasn't expecting) to see you here! What are you doing in New York?

8

1 Will you be seeing Rob Jones tomorrow? I wonder if you could give him a message from Sally Gordon?

2 My holiday in the Greek Islands was fantastic. We rented a small boat and went fishing every day.

3 Julie, hi! I've been hoping I'd see you. I've got some good news!

4 We had a terrible time looking after your dog. It was constantly chasing the cats next door.

5 The steam engine is usually thought of as a relatively modern invention, but the Greeks built a kind of steam engine in ancient times.

6 I felt rather worried. It was growing darker and colder, and there was still no sign of the rescue helicopter.

7 We had a lovely time in Madrid. Every day we explored the city, and in the evening we went to exciting bars.

8 Don't worry! All we have to do is wait here until someone finds us.

3.1

1 healthcare plan

2 team player

3 Yours faithfully

4 competitive salary

5 challenging role

6 communicative skills

7 online application

8 lead a team

9 career prospects

10 cover letter

3.2

1 You don't need to have previous experience.

2 As part of my new job, I get subsidised meals.

3 It's really important to make your application stand out.

4 Working in the factory over the summer gave me some hands-on experience of manufacturing.

5 I'm hoping to work in the field of automotive manufacturing.

6 Prism Consulting has a number of posts (roles, openings) available for graduates.

7 The ad said the company will provide full training.

8 You should only apply for the job if you have managerial experience.

9 The salary isn't great, but they offer an attractive benefits package.

3.3

1 I am sending my CV in support of my application for the position of sales team leader.

2 I have a passion for sales.

3 Jakob's experience is more relevant to the job than Sylvia's.

4 In my previous role as Sales Representative, I reported to the Sales Manager.

5 While working as a Customer Service Assistant, I also carried out some research projects for the marketing department.

6 He only has six months' experience as a trainee. I don't think that makes him suitable for the job of quality manager.

3.4

1 customer-facing

2 team player

3 Dear Sir or Madam

4 openings, role, post, position

5.1

I moved... 2 2

I learnt... 5 6

The property developer decided... 9 8

I heard... 8 9

I first saw the old house... 1 3

A property developer bought it... 6 4

I nearly gave up... 7 7

I put together enough money... 4 5

It was empty... 3 1

5.2

1 As Jinas was introduced to Mrs Lopez, he realised that he had met her before.

2 During the previous wekk, I went (had been) to the gym every evening.

3 He denied that he had taken (took) the money from the office.

4 I thought it was the best film I had seen in my life.

5 The boy told me that he had lost his train ticket and didn't know how he would get home.

6 At the conference, scientists reported that they had found a cure for malaria.

7 The teacher guessed that some of the children had cheated (cheated) in the exam.

8 She said that she had made up her mind who to vote for, and that I couldn't persuade her to change.

9 Thomas explained that he had gone (went) home early because he felt ill.

10 When I asked Maria about Jakub, she admitted that she hadn't heard from him for ages.

11 The waiter took my plate away before I had finished (finished) eating.

12 Julia said she didn't want any dinner. Apparently she had eaten already.

5.3

1 I had hoped to leave by nine, but I overslept and missed the train.

2 Lara hadn't intended to become a dentist; she always wanted to be a vet.

3 I had expected the operation to be painful, but I didn't feel a thing.

4 I hadn't thought of cooking rabbit, until Andrei told me how tasty it was.

5.1

1 I feel dead tired all the time. (i) I feel very tired all the time.

2 We were all bored stupid by the poetry reading. (i)

We were all very stupid by the poetry reading.

3 Currency exchange offices are located in the arrivals lounge. (f) There are currency exchange offices in the arrivals lounge.

4 She conducted a study of single-parent family units. (f) She did a study of single-parent family units.

5 She did her degree in London and found work there in 2015. (n)

6 I just got the latest software so my computer is band up to date. (i) I have just bought the latest software and so my computer is fully up to date.

7 Affix a passport-size photograph to the application form. (f) Stick a passport photo on the application form.

8 Jake asked his tutor for an extention to complete his dissertation. (n)

5.2

1 This is breaking news here on Global TV Extra. (j)

2 These are the songs that are climbing the charts this week. (e)

3 There are tons of good reasons for not studying law. (ic)

4 Visitors must keep to the designated areas all the time. (n)

5 In any such case, customers shall forfeit the right to compensation. (l)

6 Fuel consumption may vary according to model and road conditions. (t)

7 I'll give you a ring after dinner. (ic)

8 The minister will tour Asia in a bid to win support for the plan. (j)

9 Joss Engold stars in the latest blockbuster from Star Studios. (e)

10 A microchip is a miniaturised electronic circuit. (t)

11 Please restrict your use of the fitness machines to twenty minutes. (n)

12 A witness may be asked to testify for a second time. (l)

5.3

What can I do for you? Mr Wilson?

Well, Doctor, I've been running a temperature for the last couple of days and I've come out in a rash on my neck. Do you see? These red spots here.

Hmmm. Let's take a look.

It's very irritating and I have trouble getting off to sleep at night. Then I feel down all day and can't concentrate on my work.

Right. I don't think it's anything serious. I'll write you out a prescription for some lotion which should help to clear up the rash.

1

1 I can't believe it, Inspector. You mean that Smith has been stealing money from the till all this time?

2 You three boys look very guilty! What have you been doing since I left the room?

3 Why on earth didn't you tell me about that loose floorboard? I tripped over it just now and hurt myself.

4 It's a long time since I saw your brother Paul. What has he been doing lately?

5 I can't believe that you have eaten three pizzas already! I only brought them in fifteen minutes ago!

6 Don't forget that you haven't seen Mrs Dawson. She has been waiting outside since palf past ten.

7 What did you think of Brighton? Did you stay there long?

8 I feel really tired. I have been weeding the garden for the last three hours and haven't rested for a single moment.

9 I'm having problems with Adam. He has been calling me up in the middle of the night and telling me his troubles.

10 How long have you been having driving lessons? And have you taken your test yet?

2

1 I haven't been feeling very well for the past hour or two/ for a while. (e,h)

2 I went to the dentist's the other day (i)

3 I've lived here all my life/for a while. (b)

4 Don't worry. I haven't been waiting long. (j)

5 I've written two pages so far. (c)

6 I waited outside your house till half past eight/for a while/the other day. (g,h,i)

7 I've warned you about this time and time again. (a)

8 I haven't made a decision so far/for the time being/yet/for a while. (c,d,f,h)

9 The repair worked for a while. (h)

10 I've decided to believe you for the time being. (d)

1 So far we haven't noticed anything unusual, but we haven't been paying very close attention.

2 I'm sorry I haven't come (haven't been coming) to class lately.

3 I have been working late in the evenings for the past fornights.

4 I wonder if Jill has reached home yet? She left too late to catch the bus.

5 Here is the news. The Home Office has announced that the two prisoners who escaped from Dartmoor prison earlier this morning have given themselves up to local police.

6 Have you made up your minds? What have you decided to do?

7 Harry left home rather suddenly and we haven't heard from him since.

8 Recent research has shown that Columbus didn't discover America, but that Vikings landed there five hundred years before him.

9 I think that people have become tired of the poor quality of television programmes, though they have improved (have been improving) lately.

10 Has something happened to the phone lines? I have been trying to get through to Glasgow for the past hour.

11 Bill got a new job, but he has been complaining about it ever since.

4

1 I have lived here for thirty years.

2 I have never eaten Korean food before.

3 It's the first time Tony has been to Paris.

4 It's ages since we have been swimming.

5 Jess has been learning French for five years.

6 So far I have written ten pages of this letter.

7 They have been married for more than twenty years.

8 I haven't seen Toby since 2007.

9 Lately your work has definitely improved.

10 This is the second time I have visited Hungary.

5

1 The price of petrol has risen by fifteen per sent over the past year.

2 No wonder you are overweight! You have been eating chocolates all day long!

3 I've been reading a really good book this morning.

4 Doesn't this room look better? I've put some posters on the walls.

5 Don't disappoint me! I've been counting on you.

6 Don't forget your pill. Have you taken it?

7 Who has been wearing my scarf?

8 I think there's something wrong with your motorbike. It's been making some very funny noises.

9 Jack has asked for a pay rise three times this year.

10 I've been phoning Ann all evening, but there's no reply.

6

Three weeks ago I moved to London, full of enthusiasm, to start a new job, but ever since I arrived in the capital, I have been wondering whether this was the right decision. Before coming here, I (had) heard a lot of great things about life in London, but since arriving I can't really say that the city has made a favourable impression on me. It's so crowded and the people are so unfriendly, and I have been spending hours every day on the underground going to and from work. You see, I grew up in a small town in Wales and I haven't been away from home before. Of course, I (have) always wanted to see the world, so when my company offered me a post in the London office, I jumped at the chance. The problem is that now I have actually started living here, I can see there are lots of reasons for being back in Wales! In fact, according to a piece I came across in the paper the other day, a lot of large companies have chosen to move away from the centre of London recently. I feel so miserable that I have secretly been hoping my company might decide to move too, and that I'll be able to go back to Wales.

7

1 It's a long time since I last saw you.

2 I've seen Bill quite often lately.

3 Have you spoken to the director already?

4 I've lived in the same house for years.

5 I've read the paper now.

6 Jan has bought a computer since then.

7 Nothing much has been happening so far.

8 I've finished reading her new book at last.

9 Sue bought a CD player last week and she's been listening to music ever since.

10 Sorry, but I haven't got that work finished yet.

8

1 Have you heard the one about...? Introducing a joke (d)

2 I haven't seen you for ages! Seeing an old face from the past. (g)

3 I've had enough of this! Wanting to stop doinf something because it's annoying you. (i)

4 Sorry, you've lost me! Saying you don't follow what someone is saying. (a)

5 I've had a brainwave! Having a brilliant idea. (c)

6 It's been one of those days! Having a frustrating time, when everything is going wrong. (h)

7 I've had enough, thanks! Declining more food. (e)

8 I haven't had a chance yet. Apologizing for not doing something you said you'd do. (j)

9 I've been having second thoughts. Having dobts about a big decision. (b)

4.1

1 Tania has always had a gift for languages so I'm not surprised she wants to study Chinese at university.

2 At high tide the sea covers the causeway and the only way to get to the island is to take a boat.

3 It's very crowded in this cafe. You grab a seat and I'll get our drinks.

4 Once my exams are over I'll turn my thoughts to planning a holiday.

5 Far more people these days manage to win the battle against cancer.

6 Most politicians say they enter politics because they want to make a difference.

7 Try not to underestimate the value of having good friends. Ultimately, friendship is far more important than work.

8 He's got the job - pending a successful result in his driving test tomorrow.

9 Although they lack experience, newly qualified doctors are often very enthusiastic and passionate about their work.

4.2

1 to jump at the chance

2 pass up the chance

3 to get the chance

4 to stand a chance

5 to be in with a chance

6 to face a challenge

7 to pose a challenge

8 a direct challenge

9 to rise to the challenge

10 a serious challenge

4.3

Collocations: learn by heart, miss a chance

4.4

1 They are: school, university and the army. (My three milestones are graduating from school, getting my university degree, and completing my military service.)

2 Yes, I am. I've got two diplomas. I am an English teacher at school.

3 Salary and investments.

4 The army (The toughest challenge I've ever faced was serving in the army.)

5 Quick thinking, good knowledge of foreign languages and the ability to stay calm under pressure.

6 Photos, badges and postcards

4.5

Make an effort to notice collocations in any text I read.

Get hold of a good dictionary to check other collocations for words that I want to learn.

Write down at least three collocations for each new word I want to commit to merory.

Look back over old homework to see where I have made mistakes with collocations and do my best to avoid those mistakes in future.

Make a point of usiing good collocations when I have to write or speak in English.

Read and listen to as much English as possible because that will expose me to natural collocations.

1

1 When you passed the town hall clock, did you notice what time it was?

2 Last night my neighbours were shouting for hours and I couldn't get to sleep.

3 When you lived in London, did you use to travel by bus?

4 Everyone was having a good time, although not many people were dancing.

5 Jill was really hungry because she hadn't eaten all day.

6 We decided to go to the cinema, but before that we went for a pizza.

7 It took a while for me to notice, but then I did. Everyone was staring at me. What had I done wrong?

8 Nobody bothered to tell me that the school had decided to have a special holiday on Friday.

9 I was trying to get in touch with you all day yesterday. Where were you?

10 Excuse me, but this seat is mine. I'm sorry, I didn't realize you were sitting here.

2

1 Once I'd read the instructions, I found it easy to assemble the bookcase.

2 It was more than a month before I realized what had happened.

3 I managed to talk to Carol just as she was leaving.

4 It wasn't until 1998 that Paul could afford to take holidays abroad.

5 George always let me know whenever he was going to be late.

6 I was having a bath at the time, so I didn't hear the doorbell.

7 We bought our tickets and five minutes later the train arrived.

8 According to Grandpa, people used to dress formally in his day.

9 Everyone was talking, but stopped the moment Mr Smith arrived.

10 The letter still hadn't arrived by the end of the week.

3

1 The train ground to a halt at a small station miles from London, and it became apparent that it had broken down. Everyone got their cases down from the luggage racks, and we waited on the platform in the freezing wind for hours until the next train turned up.

2 The mysterious disappearance of Professor Dawson was on Inspector Gorse's mind. Six months before the professor's disappearance, he (had) received a letter from Jean Dawson, the professor's wife. In the letter, Jean accused her husband of plotting to murder her. Gorse was considering his next step when the phone rang. It was Sergeant Adams from the Thames Valley police force. A fisherman had discovered a body in the river, and it fitted the description of the professor.

4

This time last year I was cycling in the rain along a country road in Wales with friend of mine. We had decided to go on a cycling and camping holiday there. Neither of us had been to Wales beforee, but we knew it was full of interesting places to visit and we had managed to book a few camping sites in advance. Now we were wondering if we had made the right decision. We had planned our route carefully, but we had forgotten one important thing: the weather. It had been raining since our arrival and that night we ended up sleeping in a tent in a wet muddy field. Then the next morning, as we rode down a steep hill, my bike skidded on the wet road and I fell off. I realized immediately that I had broken my arm, and after a visit to the local hospital I caught the next train home. Unfortunately my parents didn't expect me home for a fortnight, and had gone away on holiday. So I spent a miserable couple of weeks alone, reading Be a Better Cyclist.

5

1 I was going to call you yesterday, but I forgot.

2 When Sylvia offered me more pudding I said I had had enough.

3 Sally was to have sung the solo, but she fell ill.

4 Carol didn't use to be so (was being) rude.

5 We were intending to go to Rome but we've changed our minds.

6 When I lived in London, I used to cycle to work every day.

7 I was wondering about going to the theatre tonight.

8 I was passing your house so I decided to drop in.

9 By the time the bus arrived there were about one hundred people waiting.

10 When the explosion occurred what were you doing?

6

1 In those days, I always used to get up/got up early in the morning.

2 When I got to the cinema Jack was waiting for me.

3 We would always have breakfast in bed on Sundays.

4 Gemma was always falling/ always fell ill before important examinations.

5 My sister used to own a motorcycle and a sidecar.

6 Pay no attention to Max's remarks. He didn't mean it.

7 I felt awful after lunch. I had eaten (ate) too much.

8 Emma left/had left before I had time to talk to her.

9 The explanation was simple. In 1781 HMS Sovereign, on her way back from India, had sighted/sighted an empty boat drifting off the African coast.

10 Jenny has changed a lot. She didn't always use to look like that.

7

I once spent a year in France, studying French at the University of Grenoble. Every Friday I would eat at the Alps cafe. I never used to spent much money, as I could afford it, but it was my local cafe and I enjoyed sitting there. Anyway, the story I'm going to tell you is something that really happened one day when I was eating there. Suddenly a beautiful girl came to my table and said ' I was wondering if you'd like to take a walk with me in the park.' I had never seen her before, so I was rather shocked. I was about to follow her when I noticed a tough-looking man watching our every movement. Realizing that I had noticed him, the girl whispered to me, in English, ' Don't worry about him! Park - five minutes!', and then disappeared. Well, my bill took ages to arrive, and by the time I got to the park, there was no sign of the girl. I asked an old lady who was sitting there if she had seen a young girl waiting around. I described the girl to her. The old lady said that the girl had had to rush off to the railway station. She had also left me a note. It said, 'I will explain everything. Meet me on platform six.'

8

1 I realized that someone was stealing my wallet when I felt their hands in my jacket pocket.

2 When I phoned Helen last night she was washing her hair.

3 Peter offered me another drink but I decided I had had enough.

4 Nobody was watching, so the little boy took the packet of sweets from the shelf and put it in his pocket.

5 I didn't realize that I had left my umbrella on the bus ubtil it started to rain.

6 At school I disliked the math teacher because he always picked (was always picking) on me.

7 Wherever Marion found a job, there was someone who knew that she had been to prison.

8 Several years later I found out that during all the time I had written (had been writing) to my pen friend, my mother had been opening and reading the replies!

9 I didn't understand what was going on. Several people were shouting (shouted) at me, and one passer-by was waving (waved) a newspaper in front of my face.

10 I knew I had done well in my exams even before I received the official results.

9

4.1

1 Just as I was getting into the bath all the lights went off.

2 I was hoping to go away this weekend, but my boss gave me some work that I have to finish by Monday.

3 When I was living in Paris, I spent three hours a day travelling to and from work.

4 A friendly American couple started chatting to him as he was checking in at the hotel reception.

5 I bumped into Lena last week. She was looking a lot better than when I last saw her.

6 My boss came into the office just as I was showing everyone my holiday photos.

7 I was playing badminton four times a week before I broke my ankle.

8 The smoke alarm went off when he lit a candle underneath it.

9 I can't remember how to answer this question. I must confess that I wasn't listening while the teacher was explaining it to us.

10 She added more salt to the soup, and then it tasted much better.

11 Although the television was on, I wasn't watching it. Instead I was dreaming about my holidays.

12 She pushed the door and ran into the room.

4.2

1 Just as I got into the bath all the lights went off.

4 A friendly American couple started chatting to him as he checked in at the hotel reception.

7 I played badminton four times a week before I broke my ankle.

11 Although the television was on, I didn't watch it. Instead I dreamt about my holidays.

4.3

2.1

1 league tables

2 selective education

3 equality of opportunity

4 perpetuate inequalities

5 tertiary education

2.2

1 Inequality is inherent in the education system.

2 Elitism is bad for the country in the long term.

3 Comprehensive schooling is a basic political ideal in many countries.

4 Two-tier system of schools is depressing the opportunities for children from less well-off families and favours those from better-off families.

5 Some private schools are well-endowed, and this means they can have better resources.

6 All parents want their children to excel at school.

7 Emphasis on the three Rs is percieved by parents to be the key to success.

8 The government is increasing its provision for tertiary education.

2.3

1 a) One-to-one education means a situation where there is one teacher and one student.

b) Lifelong education is another way of saying continuing education.

2 a) Numeracy refers to the ability to count (do basic maths).

b) Literacy refers to the ability to read.

3 a) A student who is doing a doctorate is a postgraduate.

b) A student who is doing a first degree is an undergraduate.

4 a) Bullying is when a pupil uses frightening or threatening behaviour towards another child who is smaller or less powerful in some way.

b) Excelling is the achievement of excellent standards.

5 a) Tertiary education is an education at university or college level.

b) Secondary education is the stage that follows primary education.

6 a) Selective schools choose the best students to study there.

b) Comprehensive schools are schools that are free and where everyone enters without exams.

7 a) League tables list schools from good to bad according to their exam results.

b) Guidelines are pieces of advice on how something should be done.

2.4

1 Matt won a scholarship because of his excellent academic record.

2 Zara's parents said that starting a rock band with her friends would be too much of a distraction from her studies.

3 The report contains some interesting guidelines on how best to prepare for exams.

4 There were two mature students in my class at university, but most of us were just nineteen.

5 Katia wouldn't have been able to go to university if her grandparents hadn't paid her tuition fees for her.

6 Most undergraduates need to take out a student loan to cover their costs while they study for a degree.

7 Primary schools usually spend a lot of time on the three Rs.

3.1

1 disease spreads

2 evidence suggests

3 opportunity arises

4 smoke rises

5 standarts slip

6 teeth chatter

7 wind howls

8 withstand pressure

3.2

1 The scientific evidence suggests human beings first emerged in Africa.

2 The wind was howling and it was raining, so I couldn't sleep.

3 The machine has to be made of materials that can withstand a lot of pressure.

4 Oh, no! There's a fire. Look at the smoke rising from those buildings.

5 It was so cold I couldn't stop my teeth from chattering.

6 Our survey shows that parents believe standards have slipped at the school.

7 You must accompany Mason on one of his business trips to Asia, if the opportunity ever arises.

8 An alarming new disease is spreading among cattle in the south of the country.

3.3

1 I don't want to pass up the chance of meeting such a famous person.

2 We'll have to draw up a contract before you start work, as it's a new position.

3 You're working too hard. You should try to take it easy for a while.

4 This new bullet-proof car can withstand the impact of a rocket-propelled grenade.

5 Do you have any interesting snippets of information about our new boss to tell us?

6 The minister faced a barrage of questions from reporters.

7 I had a stroke of luck last week. The police found my stolen wallet and nothing was missing.

8 There's been a spate of violent attacks in the area recently.

9 After her divorce Mandy was determined to put the past behind her and build a new life.

3.4

1 Well, it's a difficult question. There are a lot of attractive people, especially actors and actresses. There are many beautiful and handsome people on Instagram. I can't make a decision out of the blue.

2 I would ask this person to drive more slowly or to stop the car. It's very dangerous and I don't want to risk my life or have serious injuries if there's an accident.

3 I would rather walk in the countryside if there is a gentle breeze. It's more appropriate for walking. Strong wind doesn't allow you to enjoy yourself.

4 Well, that is also not a simple question. I don't like to write intensely personal thoughts, because there's a chance that your diary could end up in sombody else's hands.

3.5

1 He said he would throw us out, but it was just an idle threat.

2 They rushed the victim to hospital, in the vain hope of saving her life.

3 The government is encountering mounting criticism of its policies.

4 There is mounting concern across the world about climate change.

5 The horse was foaming at the mouth, so we called the vet.

6 Suddenly, without warning, Marta burst into song.

7 The plain truth is that I hate my job.

1. this morning / today / this week — выбор времени зависит от восприятия

Если период закончился → Past Simple. Если период ещё продолжается → Present Perfect.

2. since + past simple в придаточном, present perfect в главном

В предложениях с since:

since + Past Simple — указывает на конкретный момент в прошлом.

главная часть — Present Perfect (результат длится до сих пор).

Since Mr Dodson became president, unemployment has increased.

She hasn’t been able to play tennis since she broke her arm.

Исключение: если ситуация в придаточном продолжается до настоящего → Present Perfect в придаточном:

Have you met any neighbours since you've lived here? (вы всё ещё живёте здесь)

3. after / when / until / as soon as / once / by the time + Past Simple (прошлое) vs Present Perfect (будущее)

В придаточных времени:

Past Simple — для завершённых событий в прошлом.

Present Perfect — для будущих событий (действие завершится к моменту).

4. Новостные репортажи: Present Perfect для введения, Past Simple для деталей

В новостях:

Present Perfect — для объявления события (оно только что произошло, актуально сейчас).

Past Simple — для деталей (когда, где, как).

A Russian spacecraft has returned safely to Earth. US astronaut Scott Keane and Russian cosmonaut Olga Kaleri landed in the early hours of Wednesday.

5. It / This / That is/will be the first time + Present Perfect

После It / This / That is the first time (и will be) используется Present Perfect.

That's the first time I have seen Jan look embarrassed.

It won't be the first time she has voted against the government.

Для прошлого: It was the first time + Past Perfect:

It was the first time I had talked to Dimitra outside the office.

3.1

1 Shall I make us some dinner? It's already eight o'clock. No, thanks. I went to the dentist this afternoon and my mouth hurts too much to eat anything.

2 I've had three lectures today and I still have two more later this afternoon.

3 I was so hot today that I wore shorts and a T-shirt at work.

4 We have spent two hubdred pounds on food this month and there's another week to go before I get paid.

5 Do you want a lift home? No, I overslept this morning because my alarm clock didn't go off, so I need to work late.

6 I haven't read much of the report yet, but I have to finish it by the weekend.

3.2

1 Maria hasn't wanted to go swimming since she fell in the river.

2 Since she has worked at the company she hasn't had a day off through illness.

3 Since he rescued the girl from a house fire, he has been on TV almost every day.

4 A lot has happened since I last spoke to you.

5 Since I have been able to drive I have felt more independent.

6 Stefan's reading has improved since he has been at school.

3.3

1 a) Remember that after you have signed the contract you won't be able to change your mind.

b) Carlo's injury only bacame apparent after he signed to play for Real Madrid.

2 a) As soon as I have finished college I want to travel around Australia.

b) I didn't have time to check the essay. I handed it in as soon as I finished it.

3 a) By the time Sarah got to work the meeting had finished.

b) I'll probably have finished breakfast by the time the children have got up.

4 a) I recognised her the moment I heard her laugh.

b) I'll tell you what time we're coming the moment I have heard from Emil.

3.4

1 When President Nelson arrives in Paris this evening, it will be the first time she has visited Europe since her election victory in May.

2 The Victoria Hospital in Milltown has closed to new patients after more cases of food poisoning. Three elderly patients died last week in the outbreak.

3 The rate of inflation has dropped to 4.8 per cent. It's the first time in nearly two years that the rate has fallen below 5 per cent.

1

1 In twenty-four hours' time I will be relaxing on my yacht.

2 'There's someone at the door.' That'll be the postman.

3 By the time you get back Harry will have left.

4 It's only a short trip. I'll be back in an hour.

5 What are you going to do this Saturday evening? Would you like to go out?

6 By the end of the week we will have decided what to do.

7 It won't be long before Doctor Smith is here.

8 We'll go to the park when you finish your tea.

9 It's very hot in here. I think I'm going to faint.

10 What are you going to give Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet?

2

In July Gordon will have been at his company for thirty years and he's finally retiring on his sixty-fifth birthday. We've decided to have a long holiday and we're going to take the opportunity to visit some old friends in Hungary, and then travel around in that region. We'll be leaving towards the end of August, and our aim is to visit as many countries as we can. We're flying to Budapest on the twenty-fifth and then we'll be stopping over with our friends. - they've got a house on Lake Balaton. We'll probably spend a couple of weeks in Hungary and travel around. After that we're thinking of going to Romania, but we haven't planned anything definite.We'll know a bit more this weekend when we'll be researching the whole thing on the internet. We'd like to go on from there to Bulgaria or Ukraine, but I doubt whether we'll have time. Money could be a problem too - I hope the whole trip won't be too expensive. From now on we'll really have to save as much as we can. We're really looking forward to it - I can hardly wait! Just think, in just over two months' time we'll be travelling around Europe like a couple of old hippies! When we come back, you won't recognise us!

3

1 Paula's flight is bound to be late, although it's due at six o'clock.

2 According to the latest forecast, the tunnel will be finished next year. (a)

3 It's no use phoning Bob at the office, he will have left. (c)

4 Everyone says that this year City are going to win the Cup. (a)

5 I don't feel like visiting my relatives this year so I'm not going. (b)

6 You can borrow this calculator, I am not going to need it. (a)

7 I'm sorry dinner isn't ready yet, but it will be ready in a minute. (c)

8 Can you send me the results as soon as you hear anything? (a)

9 You can try asking Martin for help but it won't do you any good. (a)

10 Don't worry about the mistake you made, nobody will notice. (b)

4

1 You won't have heard the news.

2 The prime minister believes that his party will win the election easily.

3 By the end of the month I will have been in this company for three years.

4 In two years I will have written this book.

5 Scientists are about to make a vital breakthrough.

6 Maria is going to have a baby.

7 I won't be home until late.

8 No one knows who is going to win the match.

9 Don't worry; David will be here on time.

10 Mary and Alan are getting married next weekend.

5

1 We've run out of fuel. What do we do now?/ What are we going to do? (b,c)

2 You can't leave early. We're having a meeting./ We're going to have a meeting. (a,b)

3 Oh dear, I've broken the vase. What will your mother say?/ What is your mother going to say? (a,b)

4 According to the weather forecast it will rain tomorrow/ it's going to rain tomorrow. (a,c)

5 I'd like to call round and see you. What will you be doing in the morning? What are you doing in the morning? (b,c)

6 I've got nothing to do tomorrow so I'll get up late/I'm going to get up late. (a,c)

7 It's my eighteenth birthday next month so I am having a party/I'll be having a party. (b,c)

8 Why don't you come with us? It'll be a great trip./It's going to be a great trip. (a,b)

9 When you get to the airport someone is going to be waiting for you/ will be waiting for you. (a,c)

10 Shut up, will you! I'm getting really angry. I'm going to get really angry in a minute. (a,b)

6

1 I'll be back in a few minutes.

2 I'm sure that everything will be all right in the end.

3 Please call me the moment you hear any news.

4 I should be back by the time the film begins.

5 I'm sure Fiona will be here before long.

6 I can't leave on Tuesday. I won't be ready by then.

7 This time tomorrow I'll be in Bangkok.

8 Diana will be retiring soon.

9 There will be no official announcements from now on.

10 Bye for now. I'll see you in two week's time.

7

1 I'll see what I can do. a

2 I'll have a look and get back to you.

3 I'll give it some thought.

4 I'll let you know by tomorrow.

5 I'll just go and get it.

6 I'll go halves with you. b

7 I'll see to it. c

8 I'll be back in a minute.

9 I'll be about five minutes.