occasionally subtle
Cosimo Galluzzi
ellievsbear
TVSTRANGERTHINGS
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RMH
PUT YOUR BEARD IN MY MOUTH
2025 on Tumblr: Trends That Defined the Year
NASA
Keni
Cosmic Funnies
"I'm Dorothy Gale from Kansas"
Monterey Bay Aquarium
he wasn't even looking at me and he found me
I'd rather be in outer space 🛸
hello vonnie
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@crammingforstep-blog
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (see Nf-1 post as well)
Caused by an autosomal dominent mutation in chromosome 22 and leads to:
1. bilateral schwannomas (see MRI) with hearing loss
2. juvenile cataracts
3. meningiomas and ependymomasÂ
NF-2 has a mutation on chromosome 22 and affects 2 ears, 2 eyes and 2 parts of the brain.Â
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Alzheimer’s disease therapies
Three main mechanisms of AD treatment
1. enhanced cholinergic transmission (donepezil) --> improve cognition and functioning, but do not delay the disease
2. neuroprotetection with antioxidants (vitamin E alpha-tocopherol)
3. NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine)--> NMDA overactivity with glutamate can cause AD symptoms (like glutamate toxicity in Huntingtons disease??)
Don’t forget that AD is a diagnosis of exclusion.Â
Sialyl-Lewis is a neutral guy with integrity when it comes to selecting cameras and pecans.Â
1. IL-1 and TNF-alpha are released from macrophages (after activation by PAMPS, etc. These factors activate expression of selectins on the surface of endothelial cells. Sialyl-LewisX is always expressed on neutrophils.
2. LPS or C5a activates integrin expression on the surface of neutrophils, allowing them to bind to ICAM on the surface on the surface of endothelial cells.Â
3.
IL-8 and C5a are needed for neutrophil chemotaxis.Â
(sialyl lewis x and integrins are expressed on neutrophils while selectins, ICAM, VCAM and PCAM are expressed on endothelial cells)
This should be in the correct order in which they interact as well.Â
Steroidogenenesis and where it occurs
APGAR score is checked at birth, one minute and five minutes after. Scores range from 0-10. Scores <7 require further evaluation with a low apgar indicating increased risk for neurologic damage.Â
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Pharmacology Suffix -afil
-afil suffix?
PDE-5 inhibitors for erectile dysfuction such as sildenafil, vardenafil etc.
1. Erection (PNS, pelvic nerve) --> NO is produced by nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, etc) and activates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP--> vasodilation
2. Emission--> SNS, hypogastric nerve
3. Ejaculation-->visceral and somatic nerves, pudendal nerve
(Note that NE can inhibit erection by increasing the influx of calcium leading to vasoconstriction)
Erectile dysfuction is treated with PDE-5 inhibitors (sildenafil) that decrease breakdown of cGMP
Mnemonic for the travel of sperm during ejaculation?
SEVEn UP
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
n(othing)
urethra
penisÂ
Marcus Gunn Pupils are present in cases of optic neuritis (multiple sclerosis) in which the afferent limb of the pupillary reflex is affected on one side so that both pupils seem to dilate in response to light on that side during the swinging flashlight test.Â
For both eyes to look at a side:
Contralateral Frontal Eye Field (Brodmann area 8)
Ipsilateral PPRF (Paramedial Pontine Reticular Formation)
Ipsilateral CN VI Nucleus
Contralateral Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)
Contralateral CN III Nucleus
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Argyll-Robertson Pupil --> present in tertiary syphilisÂ
Patients with tertiary syphilis may present with Tabes Dorsalis. This is a progressive degeneration of the dorsal column that presents with loss of proprioception, reflexes, ataxia, charcot joints, shooting pains and loss possible loss of bladder control.Â
What protein is elevated in CSF of Creutsfelt-Jacob Disease?
14-3-3 proteinÂ
Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (loss of motor tone during emotional moments like laughing) and sleep paralysis.
Narcolepsy + cataplexy is due to a deficiency of hypocretin-1 (orexin A) and hypocretin-2 (orexin B) which are secreted by the lateral hypothalamus and promote wakefulness and inhibit pathology during REM sleep.
Levels of hypocretin can only be measured in the CSF and are undetectable in these patients.Â
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3′ -CCA- tail is a post-translational modification for recognition of the acceptor stem and for general tRNA recognitionÂ
Acceptor stem allows recognition of the correct tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetaseÂ
T(pseudo U)C arm is needed for binding of the tRNA to the ribosomeÂ
Anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon and is the sole basis for ribsosomal selection of tRNA moleculeÂ
D loop is made up of dihydrouridine residues and also helps identification of the correct tRNA by tRNA synthetase
Note that in gastroschisis, the umbilical cord falls to the left of the abdominal contests while in omphalocele, the umbilical cord comes out of the center of the contents.Â