Three main mechanisms of AD treatment

1. enhanced cholinergic transmission (donepezil) --> improve cognition and functioning, but do not delay the disease

2. neuroprotetection with antioxidants (vitamin E alpha-tocopherol)

3. NMDA receptor antagonists (memantine)--> NMDA overactivity with glutamate can cause AD symptoms (like glutamate toxicity in Huntingtons disease??)

What protein is elevated in CSF of Creutsfelt-Jacob Disease?

Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (loss of motor tone during emotional moments like laughing) and sleep paralysis.

Narcolepsy + cataplexy is due to a deficiency of hypocretin-1 (orexin A) and hypocretin-2 (orexin B) which are secreted by the lateral hypothalamus and promote wakefulness and inhibit pathology during REM sleep.

3′ -CCA- tail is a post-translational modification for recognition of the acceptor stem and for general tRNA recognition 

Acceptor stem allows recognition of the correct tRNA by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase 

T(pseudo U)C arm is needed for binding of the tRNA to the ribosome 

Anticodon is complementary to the mRNA codon and is the sole basis for ribsosomal selection of tRNA molecule 

Technetium-99m Pertechnetate Scan is used to identify ectopic gastric tissue in the identification of Meckel’s Diverticum.

Most commonly is a gastric adenocarcinoma. Can also be a lymphoma, GI stromal tumor or carcinoid tumor (rare). 

Most often metastasizes to lymph nodes or to the liver. --> Virchow node mets--> supraclavicular lymph node involvement OR Sister Mary Joseph nodule-->subcutaneous periumbilical mass 

1. Intestinal type--> associated with H. pylori, smoke meats, smoking, chronic gastritis--> looks like an ulcer with raised margins (lesser curvature)