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An otoplasty is an operation to correct prominent ears and place them closer to the head. Other problems can also be corrected, such as large ears or "lop" ears. The operation is usually performed through an incision behind the ear, although other incisions may be used depending on individual surgical requirements. Permanent or dissolving stitches may be used. When contemplating otoplasty for a child, the age when the operation is performed is dependent upon patient preference, but by and large the surgery is best performed when the child is old enough to request the surgery themselves.

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Rhinoplasty or nose surgery, sometimes referred to as “nose reshaping” or a “nose job,” improves the appearance and proportion of your nose, enhancing facial harmony and self confidence. Surgery of the nose may also correct impaired breathing caused by structural abnormalities in the nose. Enhancing your appearance with nose plastic surgery While the shape of your nose is usually the result of heredity, the appearance may have been altered in an injury or during prior surgery. What can surgery of the nose accomplish? Rhinoplasty surgery can change: Nose size, in relation to the other facial structures Nose width, at the bridge Nose profile, with visible humps or depressions on the bridge Nasal tip, that is large or bulbous, drooping, or too upturned Nostrils that are large, wide or upturned Nasal asymmetry and deviation

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Skolyoz, omurganın göğüs veya bel bölgelerinde görülebilen, yana doğru eğriliğidir. Normal ve sağlıklı omurgada omurlar arkadan bakıldığında yukardan aşağıya yani boyun, sırt ve bel bölgelerinde düz bir hat şeklinde uzanır. Skolyozda ise omurlar sağa veya sola doğru yer değiştirir ve aynı zamanda kendi eksenleri etrafında  döner. Omurgaya arkadan bakıldığında eğrilik düz durulduğunda bile fark edilebildiği gibi bazen bu denli net değildir ve ancak öne eğilme durumunda, kontroller ve röntgen filmlerinde anlaşılabilir.  Skolyoz Belirtileri Skolyoz, yetişme çağındaki çocukların geleceğini tehdit eden bir hastalık. Hastalık erken belirlendiğinde tedavisinde yüzde 100’e varan bir başarı sağlanıyor. Ancak zamanında teşhis edilemeyen omurga eğrilikleri ilerlemişse, çocukların normal gelişimi engelleniyor. Erişkinlik döneminde; bel ve sırt ağrıları, kalp ve akciğer fonksiyon bozuklukları ortaya çıkıyor.  Skolyoz hastalığı yüzünden her 1000 kişiden 2 - 3’ünün aktif tedavi görmesi, her 1000 kişiden 1’inin de ameliyat olması gerekiyor. Skolyoz, dikkatli bir göz tarafından farkediliyor. Bu belirtiler şunları kapsıyor: * Kalçalar ve omuz seviyeleri arasında eşitsizlik görülüyor.  * Kollar ile vücut arasındaki mesafenin eşitliği ve vücudun balansı bozuluyor.  * Baş bir yana, vücut bir yana savrulduğu için çocuklar bir bacaklarının daha uzun olduğu duygusuna kapılıyor.  * Kız çocuklarının eteğinin bir bölümü yukarı çekiyor.  * Göğüs kafesinde asimetri ve bir kürek kemiğinde tümsek gözlenebiliyor.  Bu şikayetle gelen hastalarda skolyoz olduğu ortaya çıkıyor. Türkiye’de Sağlık Turizmi ve Danışmanlığı

  Through the hormones it produces, the thyroid gland influences almost all of the metabolic processes in your body. Thyroid disorders can range from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no treatment to life-threatening cancer. The most common thyroid problems involve abnormal production of thyroid hormones. Too much thyroid hormone results in a condition known as hyperthyroidism. Insufficient hormone production leads to hypothyroidism.

Although the effects can be unpleasant or uncomfortable, most thyroid problems can be managed well if properly diagnosed and treated.

What Causes Thyroid Problems?

All types of hyperthyroidism are due to an overproduction of thyroid hormones, but the condition can occur in several ways:

Graves’ Desease: The production of too much thyroid hormone

Toxic adenomas: Nodules develop in the thyroid gland and begin to secrete thyroid hormones, upsetting the body's chemical balance; some goiters may contain several of these nodules. 

Subacute thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid that causes the gland to "leak" excess hormones, resulting in temporary hyperthyroidism that generally lasts a few weeks but may persist for months 

Pituitary gland malfunctions or cancerous growths in the thyroid gland: Although rare, hyperthyroidism can also develop from these causes.

Hypothyroidism, by contrast, stems from an underproduction of thyroid hormones. Since your body's energy production requires certain amounts of thyroid hormones, a drop in hormone production leads to lower energy levels. Causes of hypothyroidism include:

Hashimoto's thyroiditis: In this autoimmune disorder, the body attacks thyroid tissue. The tissue eventually dies and stops producing hormones.  

Removal of the thyroid gland: The thyroid may have been surgically removed or chemically destroyed. 

Exposure to excessive amounts of iodide: Cold and sinus medicines, the heart medicine amiodorone or certain contrast dyes given before some X-rays may expose you to too much iodine.You may be at greater risk for developing hypothyroidism if you have had thyroid problems in the past. 

Lithium: This drug has also been implicated as a cause of hypothyroidism. 

Untreated for long periods of time, hypothyroidism can bring on a myxedema coma, a rare but potentially fatal condition that requires immediate hormone injections.

Hypothyroidism poses a special danger to newborns and infants. A lack of thyroid hormones in the system at an early age can lead to the development of cretinism (mental retardation) and dwarfism (stunted growth). Most infants now have their thyroid levels checked routinely soon after birth. If they are hypothyroid, treatment begins immediately. In infants, as in adults, hypothyroidism can be due to these causes:

A pituitary disorder

A defective thyroid

Lack of the gland entirely

A hypot hyroid infant is unusually inactive and quiet, has a poor appetite, and sleeps for excessively long periods of time.

Cancer of the thyroid gland is quite rare and occurs in less than 10% of thyroid nodules. You might have one or more thyroid nodules for several years before they are determined to be cancerous. People who have received radiation treatment to the head and neck earlier in life, possibly as a remedy for acne, tend to have a higher-than-normal risk of developing thyroid cancer.

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  The liver is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the belly. Weighing about 3 pounds, the liver is reddish-brown in color and feels rubbery to the touch. Normally you can't feel the liver, because it's protected by the rib cage.

The liver has two large sections, called the right and the left lobes. The gallbladder sits under the liver, along with parts of the pancreas and intestines. The liver and these organs work together to digest, absorb, and process food.

The liver's main job is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back in the intestines. The liver also makes proteins important for blood clotting and other functions.

  Liver Conditions

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis can have non-infectious causes too, including heavy drinking, drugs, allergic reactions, or obesity.

Cirrhosis: Long-term damage to the liver from any cause can lead to permanent scarring, called cirrhosis. The liver then becomes unable to function well.

Liver cancer: The most common type of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, almost always occurs after cirrhosis is present.

Liver failure: Liver failure has many causes including infection, genetic diseases, and excessive alcohol.

Ascites: As cirrhosis results, the liver leaks fluid (ascites) into the belly, which becomes distended and heavy.

Gallstones: If a gallstone becomes stuck in the bile duct draining the liver, hepatitis and bile duct infection (cholangitis) can result.

Hemochromatosis: Hemochromatosis allows iron to deposit in the liver, damaging it. The iron also deposits throughout the body, causing multiple other health problems.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A rare disease with unknown causes, primary sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation and scarring in the bile ducts in the liver.

Primary biliary cirrhosis: In this rare disorder, an unclear process slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. Permanent liver scarring (cirrhosis) eventually develops.

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A forehead lift is a surgical procedure to correct sagging of the forehead skin, eyebrows, and upper eyelids. It may also improve the look of wrinkles in the forehead and between the eyes.

A forehead lift removes or changes the muscles and skin that cause signs of aging as drooping eyebrows, “hooding” eyelids, forehead furrows, and frown lines.

The surgery may be done alone or with other procedures such as a facelift, eyelid surgery, or nose reshaping. The surgery can be done in a surgeon’s office, an outpatient surgery center, or a hospital. It’s usually done on an outpatient basis, without an overnight stay.

You will be awake, but will be given local anesthesia so that you will not feel pain. You might also get medicine to relieve anxiety. During the procedure, you will feel some stretching of the forehead skin and possibly some discomfort. Some patients ask for general anesthesia so they will sleep through the procedure.

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  The basilar joint of the thumb, or carpometacarpal (CMC) joint, is unique because it provides mobility and stability. However, years of use or injuries may cause dysfunction and pain in this joint. This problem occurs when the cartilage buffer between the bones that permits pain-free movement is worn away and the bones rub against each other. This cartilage loss can result in bone-on-bone friction, arthritis, and pain at the thumb base. Arthritis at the small joint at the thumb base is also referred to as "CMC Arthritis" or "Basal Joint Arthritis."

What are the causes?

The disease usually develops over a period of several years. Occasionally, it is accelerated by an injury or fracture. However, arthritis conditions are typically the result of the natural aging process and the wear and tear that comes with daily use. Women over 40 generally are more often affected by arthritis of the thumb base than men are by a ratio of 10 to 1.

Swelling at the thumb base, occasional warmth about the area, tenderness to the touch and pain when pinching or grasping, can indicate arthritis of the thumb base. Turning door knobs or jar lids and opening car doors can become difficult for those with this condition. The pain limits function and its intensity varies depending on your activity level. As the disease progresses, the joint at the thumb base may appear enlarged and swollen. Eventually it becomes more difficult to open the hand around large object.

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The field of hand surgery deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder)  including injury and infection.  Hand surgery may be practiced by graduates of general surgery, orthopedic surgery and plastic surgery.

Plastic surgeons and orthopedic surgeons receive significant training in hand surgery during their residency training, with some graduates going on to do an additional one year hand fellowship. Board certified general, plastic, or orthopedics surgeons who have completed approved fellowship training in hand surgery and have met a number of other practice requirements are qualified to take the “Certificate of Added Qualifications in Surgery of the Hand” examination, formerly known as the CAQSH, it is now known as the SOTH.”  Regardless of their original field of training, once candidates have completed an approved fellowship in hand surgery, all hand surgeons have received training in treating all injuries both to the bones and soft tissues of the hand and upper extremity. Among those without additional hand training, Plastic surgeons have usually received training to handle traumatic hand and digit amputations that require a “replant” operation. Orthopedic surgeons are trained to reconstruct all aspects to salvage the appendage: tendons, muscle, bone. Orthopedic surgeons are trained to handle complex fractures of the hand and injuries to the carpal bones that alter the mechanics of the wrist.

Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) is a method of extracting, or “harvesting,” donor hair in a follicular unit hair transplant procedure. In FUE, an instrument is used to make a small, circular incision in the skin around a follicular unit, separating it from the surrounding tissue. The unit is then extracted (pulled) directly from the scalp, leaving a small open hole. FUE vs FUT This process is repeated until the hair transplant surgeon has harvested enough follicular units for the planned hair restoration. This process can take one or more hours and in large sessions, may be accomplished over two consecutive days. The donor wounds, approximately 1-mm in size, completely heal over the course of seven to ten days, leaving tiny white scars buried in the hair in the back and sides of the scalp. This method of donor harvesting, removing follicular units one-by-one directly from the scalp, is what differentiates the FUE procedure from a traditional Follicular Unit Transplant (FUT), where the donor hair is removed from the scalp in one thin, long strip and then subsequently dissected into individual follicular units using a stereo-microscope. Before the grafts are harvested, tiny “recipient sites” are made in the balding area of the scalp using a fine needle-point instrument. The follicular units are then placed into the recipient sites where they will grow into healthy hair-producing follicles. The creation of recipient sites and the placing of follicular unit grafts are essentially the same in both FUE and FUT procedures. The difference lies in the appearance of the donor area and in the quality and quantity of grafts obtained with each technique.

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The eyes are the most revealing facial feature because individuals primarily express themselves through their eyes. The eyes are also arguably one of the most important aspects of facial attractiveness. Puffy, sagging eyelids or eyebrows give a fatigued, sometimes angry appearance. With age, the eyelid skin stretches, muscles weaken, and fat pockets bulge and become prominent. This can also be a hereditary condition. Additionally, the eyebrows may sag or droop as part of this same process. Many patients need the upper eyelids, lower eyelids, and eyebrows addressed at the same time. During an upper lid blepharoplasty, excess skin is removed by creating a small incision in the natural fold of the eyelid, reducing the appearance of any scarring. For lower lid bags, the incision is made on the inside of the lid and excess fat is removed or repositioned. Occasionally, an incision in the external skin must also be made to reduce redundant skin. Upper lid blepharoplasty is sometimes covered by insurance if the excess skin is interfering with vision and daily activities.

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  Full, defined cheeks are a sign of youth and beauty, but over time the face loses fat, causing the cheeks to become flat and saggy, giving way to a sunken-in look. Although some are born with naturally high cheekbones, achieving the look of sculpted cheeks can be accomplished through both nonsurgical and surgical treatments that focus on restoring plumpness, volume and definition. To restore volume to the midface and recreate youthful contours, your doctor may suggest facial implants, fillers or fat grafting.

  Fat grafting and transfer

  Using your own fat (taken from another part of the body, like the hips or butt), your plastic surgeon can give you fuller, plumper cheeks. Fat transfer is probably the most popular option at the moment for long-term cheek fullness, but using your own fat requires an additional liposuction-like procedure to be performed.

  Cheek implants

  Along with fat grafting, cheek implants are another option for restoring youthfulness more permanently. Silicone implants, ideal for someone who wants to add a lot of volume as opposed to a slight increase, add fullness and create a lifting effect.

  Fillers and injectables

  To restore volume lost with age or to provide definition, your plastic surgeon or dermatologist can inject fillers along the cheekbone. While there are a variety of injectables available, different ones produce varying effects—and not all of them last the same amount of time.

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Dental implant treatments are among the most suitable solutions for you if you are currently looking for a way to restore your missing teeth. Dental implant treatments are enjoying extreme popularity at present because of their high durability, convenience and longevity. Dental implants can actually be defined as small inserts that are attached surgically into your jawbone in order to support prosthetic teeth. If you are thinking of using these implants to solve the problems that you have with your teeth, then you have to know that they are available in a variety of shapes, width and lengths. This means that it will be easier for you to find that implant which is suitable enough for your specific needs. Dental implant treatments allow you to receive a new set of teeth which will never slip off, loosen or cause discomfort.

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Dental cleanings involve removing plaque (soft, sticky, bacteria infested film) and tartar (calculus) deposits that have built up on the teeth over time. Your teeth are continually bathed in saliva which contains calcium and other substances which help strengthen and protect the teeth. While this is a good thing, it also means that we tend to get a build-up of calcium deposits on the teeth. This chalky substance will eventually build up over time, like limescale in a pipe or kettle. Usually it is tooth coloured and can easily be mistaken as part of the teeth, but it also can vary from brown to black in colour. If the scale, or calculus (tartar, as dentists like to call it) is allowed to accumulate on the teeth it will unfortunately provide the right conditions for bacteria to thrive next to the gums. The purpose of the cleaning and polishing is basically to leave the surfaces of the teeth clean and smooth so that bacteria are unable to stick to them and you have a better chance of keeping the teeth clean during your regular home care.

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A colonoscopy is an exam used to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum. A tiny video camera at the tip of the tube allows the doctor to view the inside of the entire colon.

If necessary, polyps or other types of abnormal tissue can be removed through the scope during a colonoscopy. Tissue samples (biopsies) can be taken during a colonoscopy as well.

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A colon polyp is a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon. Although most colon polyps are harmless, some become cancerous over time.

Anyone can develop colon polyps. But you're at higher risk if you're 50 or older, are overweight or a smoker, eat a high-fat, low-fiber diet, or have a personal or family history of colon polyps or colon cancer.

Usually colon polyps don't cause symptoms. That's why experts recommend regular screening. Colon polyps that are found in the early stages usually can be removed safely and completely. Screening helps prevent colon cancer, a common disease that's often fatal when it's found in its later stages.

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Constipation is infrequent bowel movements or difficult passage of stools. Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem.

What's considered normal frequency for bowel movements varies widely. In general, however, you're probably experiencing constipation if you pass fewer than three stools a week, and your stools are hard and dry.

Fortunately, most cases of constipation are temporary. Simple lifestyle changes, such as getting more exercise, drinking more fluids and eating a high-fiber diet, can go a long way toward alleviating constipation. Constipation may also be treated with over-the-counter laxatives.

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  As more women and men want to look and feel better about themselves, body contouring and lipo-sculpture continue to grow in popularity, making liposuction the most popular cosmetic surgery performed today.

  Lasers are the latest additions to the modern liposuction armamentarium. There are two distinct technologies currently in use: external (cold) lasers and internal lasers. Contrary to popular belief and marketing claims, these technologies, in their current state, are designed to be used as tools in conjunction with conventional liposuction surgery and are not intended to be used as stand-alone therapies for targeted fat reduction.

  External cold laser liposuction is based on technology developed in the 1960s and marketed by Erchonia under the name Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). The technology, which has received FDA approval for both liposuction and the management of musculoskeletal pain, involves irradiation of liposuction target areas for a short period of time immediately after the instillation of tumescent local anesthesia and before the commencement of the liposuction procedure itself. The immediate effect of the laser is to produce temporary pores in the cell membranes of adipocytes allowing fat to migrate into the extracellular space – a process which is perceived by the surgeon as softening of the targeted fat and which expedites the speed of fat removal. Secondary benefits include reductions in postoperative pain, swelling and edema.

  Developed in Europe and South America in the 1990s, laser lipolysis was first performed with a pulsed 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser (SmartLipo, Cynosure; LipoLite, Syneron), and subsequently with a continuous wave 980-nm diode laser (Pharaon, Osyris, Hellemmes, France) and a pulsed 1320-nm Nd:YAG laser (CoolLipo, CoolTouch). The microscopic effects of laser lipolysis include adipocyte rupture, coagulation of small blood vessels and reorganization of the reticular dermis – effects which may translate into reduced bruising in the acute recovery phase and the ability to promote skin tightening.

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